1. Imbali emfutshane yophuhliso
Umzi mveliso weplastikhi eBangladesh waqala ngeminyaka yoo-1960. Xa kuthelekiswa nemveliso yengubo kunye nemizi-mveliso yesikhumba, imbali yophuhliso imfutshane. Ngokukhula ngokukhawuleza koqoqosho eBangladesh kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ishishini leplastikhi libeyimveliso ebalulekileyo. Imbali emfutshane yophuhliso lwe-plastiki ye-Bangladesh yile ndlela ilandelayo:
Ngo-1960: Kwinqanaba lokuqala, ukubumba okwenziweyo kwakusetyenziselwa ikakhulu ukuvelisa iithoyi, izacholo, iifreyim zeefoto kunye nezinye iimveliso ezincinci, kunye neeplastikhi zeshishini lejute nazo zaveliswa;
Ngo-1970: Kwaqaliswa ukusebenzisa oomatshini abazenzekelayo ukuvelisa iimbiza zeplastiki, iipleyiti kunye nezinye iimveliso zekhaya;
I-1980s: Baqala ukusebenzisa oomatshini ababetha ifilimu ukuvelisa iingxowa zeplastiki kunye nezinye iimveliso.
Ii-1990s: Iqale ukuvelisa iihanger zeplastikhi kunye nezinye izixhobo zempahla yokuthumela ngaphandle;
Kwasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-21: Kwaqalwa ukuvelisa izitulo zeplastikhi ezibunjiweyo, iitafile, njl njl. Indawo yengingqi yaseBangladesh yaqala ukuvelisa iipulverizing, ii-extruders kunye neepelletizers zokurisayikilisha inkunkuma yeplastiki.
2. Inqanaba langoku lophuhliso lwamashishini
(1) Ushwankathelo lwamashishini asisiseko.
Imakethi yasekhaya yemizi-mveliso yeplastikhi yase-Bangladesh imalunga ne-US $ 950 yezigidi, eneenkampani zemveliso ezingaphezulu kwama-5,000, ikakhulu amashishini amancinci naphakathi, ikakhulu kwimida yezixeko ezinje ngeDhaka kunye neChittagong, ebonelela ngaphezulu kwe-1.2 yezigidi imisebenzi ethe ngqo nengathanga ngqo. Kukho iintlobo ezingaphezu kwe-2500 zeemveliso zeplastiki, kodwa inqanaba lobuchwephesha lilonke kumzi mveliso alikho phezulu. Okwangoku, uninzi lweeplastikhi zamakhaya kunye nezinto zokupakisha ezisetyenziswe eBangladesh zivelisiwe ekuhlaleni. Ukusetyenziswa komntu ngamnye ngeplastiki e-Bangladesh yi-5 kg kuphela, ephantsi kakhulu kunesilinganiso se-80 kg sehlabathi. Ukusuka ngo-2005 ukuya ku-2014, i-avareji yenqanaba lokukhula kwishishini leplastikhi laseBangladesh ligqithe kwi-18%. Ingxelo yowama-2012 yeKhomishini yezoQoqosho nezeNtlalo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yeAsia nePacific (UNESCAP) yaqikelela ukuba ixabiso lemveliso yeplastikhi yaseBangladesh linokufikelela kwi-US $ 4 yezigidigidi ngo-2020. Uphuhliso olunokubakho kushishino lweplastikhi kwaye lubandakanyiwe njengeshishini eliphambili "kuMgaqo-nkqubo weSizwe wezoPhuhliso wama-2016" kunye "noMgaqo-nkqubo wokuThumela kumazwe angaphandle ka-2015". NgokwesiCwangciso se-7 seminyaka emihlanu sase-Bangladesh, umzi-mveliso weplastikhi wase-Bangladesh uza kuqhubela phambili ukutyebisa iyantlukwano yeemveliso ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kunye nokubonelela ngenkxaso yemveliso eyomeleleyo kuphuhliso loshicilelo lwamalaphu kunye nokukhanya kwe-Bangladesh.
(2) Imarike yokungenisa iimveliso.
Phantse bonke oomatshini nezixhobo kwishishini leplastikhi laseBangladesh zingeniswa zivela phesheya. Phakathi kwabo, abavelisi beemveliso ezisezantsi neziphakathi ikakhulu zokungenisa zisuka eIndiya, China naseThailand, kunye nabavelisi beemveliso eziphezulu ikakhulu zokungenisa eTaiwan, eJapan, eYurophu naseMelika. Imveliso yasekhaya yokubumba imveliso yeplastiki i-10% kuphela. Ukongeza, umzi mveliso weplastikhi eBangladesh ngokusisiseko uxhomekeke ekungeniseni nasekwenziweni ngokutsha kwenkunkuma yeplastiki. Izinto zokungenisa ezingenisiweyo ikakhulu zibandakanya i-polyethylene (PE), i-polyvinyl chloride (i-PVC), i-polypropylene (PP), kunye ne-polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Kwaye i-polystyrene (PS), ebala i-0.26% yokungeniswa kweemveliso zeplastiki kwihlabathi, zikwindawo ye-59 emhlabeni. I-China, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, South Korea kunye ne-Thailand zezona ntengiso ziphambili zivelisa izinto zokwenza imveliso, zibala i-65.9% ye-Bangladesh iyonke impahla yeplastikhi evela kwamanye amazwe.
(3) Ukuthunyelwa kwemizi-mveliso kumazwe angaphandle.
Okwangoku, ukuthunyelwa kweplastiki eBangladesh kukwisikhundla se-89 emhlabeni, kwaye akukabi ngumthumeli omkhulu weemveliso zeplastiki. Kunyaka-mali ka-2016-2017, malunga nabavelisi abangama-300 e-Bangladesh bathumela iimveliso zeplastikhi, enexabiso elithe ngqo lokuthumela ngaphandle malunga ne-US $ 117 yezigidi, enegalelo elingaphezulu kwe-1% kwi-GDP yase-Bangladesh. Ukongeza, inani elikhulu leemveliso zeplastiki ezingathanga ngqo zithunyelwa ngaphandle, ezinje ngezixhobo zeempahla, iipaneli zepolyester, izinto zokupakisha, njl.Amazwe kunye nemimandla enjengePoland, China, India, Belgium, France, Germany, Canada, Spain, Australia, Japan, Japan , ENew Zealand, eNetherlands, e-Itali, e-United Arab Emirates, eMalaysia naseHong Kong zezona ndawo ziphambili ezithumela iimveliso zeplastiki eBangladesh. Iimarike ezintlanu ezithunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle, ezizezi, i-China, i-United States, i-India, i-Jamani kunye ne-Belgium zibalelwa kwi-73% ye-Bangladesh iyonke ethunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle ngeplastiki.
(4) Ukurisayikilisha kwakhona inkunkuma yeplastiki.
Umzi mveliso weplastiki wokurisayikilisha inkunkuma e-Bangladesh ikakhulu ujolise kwikomkhulu iDhaka. Kukho iinkampani ezimalunga nama-300 ezibandakanyeka ekusetyenzisweni kwakhona kwenkunkuma, abasebenzi abangaphezu kwama-25,000, kwaye malunga neetoni ezili-140 zenkunkuma yeplastiki ezenziwa mihla le. Ukuphinda kusetyenziswe inkunkuma yeplastiki ukuba ibe yinto ebalulekileyo kushishino lweplastikhi lwaseBangladesh.
3. Imingeni ephambili
(1) Umgangatho weemveliso zeplastiki kufuneka uphuculwe ngakumbi.
I-98% yamashishini emveliso yeplastiki yaseBangladesh amashishini amancinci naphakathi. Uninzi lwazo lusebenzisa izixhobo zoomatshini ezilungisiweyo ezingenisiweyo kunye nezixhobo eziveliswa ekhaya. Kunzima ukuthenga izixhobo eziphezulu ezinezinto ezizenzekelayo kunye nobugcisa obuphucukileyo ngemali yabo, okukhokelela kumgangatho uphela weemveliso zeplastiki zaseBangladesh. Hayi phezulu, hayi ukhuphiswano olomeleleyo lwamazwe aphesheya.
(2) Imigangatho esemgangathweni yeemveliso zeplastiki kufuneka zidityaniswe.
Ukunqongophala kwemigangatho esemgangathweni yeemveliso ezithile ikwayinto ebalulekileyo ethintela ukukhula kwemizi-mveliso yeplastiki eBangladesh. Okwangoku, iZiko leMigangatho kunye noVavanyo lweBangladesh (BSTI) luthatha ixesha elide ukwenza imigangatho esemgangathweni yeemveliso zeplastiki, kwaye kunzima ukufikelela kwisivumelwano nabavelisi malunga nokuba basebenzise imigangatho yoLawulo lokutya neDrug yase-US okanye iKhomishini ye-International Codex Alimentarius Umgangatho weCODEX wemigangatho yemveliso yeplastikhi ekumgangatho wokutya. I-BSTI kufuneka idibanise imigangatho yemveliso yeplastikhi ngokukhawuleza okukhulu, ihlaziye iindidi ezingama-26 zemigangatho yemveliso yeplastiki ekhutshiweyo, kwaye iqulunqe imigangatho yemveliso yeplastikhi esekwe kwimigangatho yokuqinisekiswa kweBangladesh kunye namazwe okuya kumazwe angaphandle ukuze kuqinisekiswe imveliso ephezulu- iiplastiki ezisemgangathweni ezihlangabezana nemigangatho yamazwe aphesheya. Iimveliso zokuphucula ukhuphiswano lwamanye amazwe lweemveliso zeplastiki zeMeng.
(3) Ulawulo lweshishini lokurisayikilisha inkunkuma kufuneka luqiniswe ngakumbi.
Iziseko zophuhliso zaseBangladesh zibuyile umva, kwaye inkunkuma elungileyo, amanzi amdaka kunye nenkqubo yolawulo lokurisayikilisha kwemichiza ayikasekwa. Ngokweengxelo, ubuncinci iitoni ezingama-300,000 zenkunkuma zeplastiki zilahlwa emilanjeni nakwimigxobhozo eBangladesh minyaka le, oko kusisisongelo kwindalo esingqongileyo. Ukusukela ngo-2002, urhulumente wakuvala ukusetyenziswa kweengxowa ze-polyethylene, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kweengxowa zamaphepha, iingxowa zelaphu kunye neebhegi zejute kwaqala ukwanda, kodwa ifuthe lokuvalwa belingabonakali. Ungayilinganisela njani ngcono imveliso yeplastiki kunye nokurisayikilisha kwenkunkuma yeplastiki kunye nokunciphisa umonakalo wenkunkuma yeplastiki kwindalo nakwindawo yokuhlala yaseBangladesh yingxaki ekufuneka urhulumente waseBangladeshi ayiphathe ngokufanelekileyo.
(4) Inqanaba lobuchwephesha labasebenzi kwishishini leplastikhi kufuneka liphuculwe ngakumbi.
Kule minyaka idlulileyo, urhulumente wase-Bangladeshi uthathe amanyathelo ngeendlela zokuphucula izakhono zobungcali zabasebenzi bakhe. Umzekelo, i-Bangladesh Plastics Product Manufacturers kunye ne-Exporters Association iqalise ukusekwa kwe-Bangladesh Institute of Plastic Engineering and Technology (BIPET) yokuphucula inqanaba lobuchwephesha labasebenzi be-plastiki base Bangladeshi ngothotho lwezifundo ezijolise kubugcisa kunye nezobugcisa. Kodwa xa iyonke, inqanaba lobuchwephesha labasebenzi beplastikhi yaseBangladeshi alikho phezulu. Urhulumente wase Bangladeshi kufuneka aqhubeke nokunyusa uqeqesho kwaye kwangaxeshanye aqinise utshintshiselwano lobuchwephesha kunye nokwakha amandla kunye namazwe aphambili avelisa iplastiki afana ne China ne India ukuphucula inqanaba lobuchwephesha kumzi mveliso weplastikhi eBangladesh. .
(5) Inkxaso yomgaqo-nkqubo kufuneka inyuswe ngakumbi.
Ngokwenkxaso yomgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente, ishishini leplastikhi laseBangladesh lisalele ngasemva kakhulu kushishino lokuvelisa iimpahla. Umzekelo, i-Bangladesh Customs iphicotha ilayisensi ebophelelweyo yabenzi beplastiki minyaka le, ngelixa iphicotha abenzi bempahla kanye kwiminyaka emithathu. Irhafu yomdibaniso yomzi mveliso weplastiki ngumgangatho oqhelekileyo, oko kukuthi, iipesenti ezingama-25 zeenkampani ezidwelisiweyo kunye neepesenti ezingama-35 kwiinkampani ezingadweliswanga. Irhafu yeshishini kushishino lokuvelisa iingubo li-12%; akukho saphulelo sarhafu semveliso esithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Umda ophezulu wesicelo seNgxowa-mali yoPhuculo lwangaphandle lweBangladesh (i-EDF) yamashishini emveliso yeplastiki sisigidi esinye seedola zaseMelika, kwaye umenzi wengubo uzizigidi ezingama-25 zeedola zaseMelika. Ukuqhubela phambili ukukhuthaza ukukhula ngamandla kweshishini leplastikhi lase-Bangladesh, inkxaso-mali yomgaqo-nkqubo ovela kumasebe karhulumente afana noMphathiswa Wezorhwebo Nemizi-mveliso yase-Bangladesh izakubaluleke kakhulu.
