1. Taariikh horumarineed oo kooban
Warshadaha caaga ee Bangladesh waxay bilaabeen 1960s. Marka la barbardhigo soosaarka dharka iyo warshadaha maqaarka, taariikhda horumarka waa mid gaaban. Iyadoo kororka dhaqsaha leh ee dhaqaalaha ee Bangladesh sanadihii la soo dhaafay, warshadaha caagagga ayaa noqday warshad muhiim ah. Taariikhda horumarka kooban ee warshadaha balaastigga ee Bangladesh waa sida soo socota:
1960-meeyadii: Marxaladda ugu horreysa, wasakhahaasi sida caadiga ah waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu soo saaro alaabta carruurtu ku ciyaarto, jijimmo, looxyo sawir leh iyo alaabooyin kale oo yaryar, iyo sidoo kale qaybo caag ah oo loogu talogalay warshadaha jute ayaa sidoo kale la soo saaray;
1970s: Waxaa la bilaabay in la isticmaalo mashiinada otomaatiga ah si loo soo saaro dheryaha caagga ah, taarikada iyo alaabada kale ee guriga;
1980-meeyadii: Waxay bilaabeen inay adeegsadaan mashiinnada afuufa filimada si ay u soo saaraan bacaha balaastigga ah iyo alaabada kale.
Sagaashameeyadii: Waxaa la bilaabay in la soo saaro hangayaal balaastig ah iyo qalab kale oo loogu talagalay dharka dhoofinta;
Horraantii qarnigii 21-aad: Waxay bilaabeen inay soo saaraan kuraas caag ah oo la qaabeeyey, miisas, iwm. Deegaanka maxalliga ah ee Bangladesh wuxuu bilaabay inuu soo saaro warshado wax soo saara, kuwa wax soo saara iyo kuwa kale ee dib u warshadaynta qashinka caagga ah.
2. Heerka hadda ee horumarinta warshadaha
(1) Guudmarka warshadaha aasaasiga ah.
Suuqa gudaha ee warshadaha balaastikada ee Bangladesh waxay ku dhowdahay US $ 950 milyan, iyada oo in ka badan 5,000 oo shirkadood oo wax soo saar ah, oo u badan ganacsiyada yaryar iyo kuwa dhexdhexaadka ah, inta badanna ku teedsan magaalooyinka sida Dhaka iyo Chittagong, oo bixiya in ka badan 1.2 milyan shaqooyin toos ah iyo kuwo aan toos ahayn. Waxaa jira in ka badan 2500 nooc oo ah badeecooyin caag ah, laakiin heerka farsamo ee guud ee warshaduhu ma badna. Xilligan, inta badan caagagga guryaha iyo qalabka baakadaha ee loo isticmaalo Bangladesh ayaa lagu soo saaray gudaha. Isticmaalka balaastigga qofkiiba ee Bangladesh waa 5 kg oo keliya, taas oo aad uga hooseysa celceliska celceliska adduunka ee 80 kg. Laga soo bilaabo 2005 ilaa 2014, celceliska heerka kobaca sanadlaha ee warshadaha caaga ee Bangladesh ayaa ka batay 18%. Warbixin daraasad 2012 ah oo ay soo saartay hay'adda Qaramada Midoobay u qaabilsan Dhaqaalaha iyo Bulshada ee Aasiya iyo Baasifigga (UNESCAP) ayaa saadaalisay in qiimaha waxsoosaarka ee warshadaha caagagga ee Bangladesh ay gaari karto US $ 4 billion sanadka 2020. Maaddaama ay tahay warshad aad u xoog badan, dowladda Bangladesh waxay aqoonsatay kartida horumarinta suuqa ee warshadaha caagagga oo ay ku darsatay iyada oo ah warshadda mudnaanta u leh "Siyaasadda Warshadaha Qaranka ee 2016" iyo "Siyaasadda Dhoofinta ee 2015-2018". Sida laga soo xigtay Qorshaha 5-ta sano ee Bangladesh ee 7-aad, warshadaha balaastigga ee Bangladesh waxay sii kobcin doonaan kala duwanaanta wax soo saarka dhoofinta waxayna siinayaan taageero wax soo saar xoog leh oo loogu talagalay horumarinta warshadaha iyo dharka fudud ee Bangladesh.
(2) Suuqa soo dejinta warshadaha.
Ku dhowaad dhammaan mashiinnada iyo qalabka ku jira warshadaha caagga ah ee Bangladesh waxaa laga soo dhoofiyaa dibadda. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah, soosaarayaasha alaabada dhammaadka-dhexe iyo kuwa dhexdhexaadka ah oo inta badan ka keena Hindiya, Shiinaha iyo Thailand, iyo soosaarayaasha wax soo saarka dhammaadka badan leh oo inta badan laga keeno Taiwan, Japan, Yurub iyo Mareykanka. Wax soo saarka gudaha ee wasakhaha wax soo saarka caaggu waa kaliya 10%. Intaa waxaa dheer, warshadaha caagagga ee Bangladesh asal ahaan waxay ku tiirsan yihiin soo dejinta iyo dib-u-warshadaynta qashinka caagga ah. Alaabada ceyriinka ah ee la soo dhoofiyo badanaa waxaa ka mid ah polyetylen (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), iyo polyetylen terephehalate (PET). Iyo polystyrene (PS), oo ka dhigan 0.26% soo dejinta badeecooyinka caagga ah ee adduunka, oo kaalinta 59aad ka galay adduunka. Shiinaha, Sacuudi Carabiya, Taiwan, Kuuriyada Koonfureed iyo Thailand ayaa ah shanta suuq ee ugu badan ee laga helo alaabta ceyriinka ah, taas oo ka dhigan 65.9% wadarta guud ee alaabada ceyriinka ah ee laga soo dhoofiyo Bangladesh.
(3) Dhoofinta warshadaha.
Waqtigaan la joogo, waxsoosaarka balaastigga ah ee Bangladesh wuxuu dunida ka marayaa 89-aad, welina ma uusan noqonin dhoofiyaha ugu weyn ee wax soo saarka caagga ah. Sanad maaliyadeedkii 2016-2017, ilaa 300 oo soo saareyaal ka tirsan Bangladesh ayaa dhoofiyey badeecooyin caag ah, oo leh qiime dhoofinta tooska ah oo ku dhow US $ 117 milyan, oo ka qayb qaatay wax ka badan 1% GDP-da Bangladesh. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, badeecado balaastik ah oo aan toos ahayn ayaa la dhoofiyaa, sida qalabka dharka, balastarrada caaga ah, qalabka wax lagu duubo, iwm. Dalalka iyo gobollada sida Poland, China, India, Belgium, France, Germany, Canada, Spain, Australia, Japan , New Zealand, Netherlands, Italy, United Arab Emirates, Malaysia iyo Hong Kong ayaa ah meelaha ugu badan ee laga dhoofiyo wax soo saarka caaga ah ee Bangladesh. Shanta suuq ee waaweyn ee dhoofinta, oo kala ah Shiinaha, Mareykanka, Hindiya, Jarmalka iyo Beljim ayaa qiyaastii ah 73% wadarta dhoofinta caagga ah ee Bangladesh.
(4) Dib u warshadaynta qashinka caagga ah.
Warshadaha dib-u-warshadaynta qashinka caagga ah ee Bangladesh ayaa inta badan ku urursan caasimadda Dhaka. Waxaa jira ku dhowaad 300 shirkadood oo ku hawlan dib-u-warshadaynta qashinka, in ka badan 25,000 oo shaqaale ah, illaa 140 tan oo wasakhda caag ahna waa la farsameeyaa maalin kasta. Dib-u-warshadaynta qashinka caaga ah waxay u noqotay qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah warshadaha caagga ah ee Bangladesh.
3. Caqabadaha ugu waaweyn
(1) Tayada wax soo saarka caaga ah ayaa u baahan in la sii wanaajiyo.
98% shirkadaha waxsoosaarka balaastigga ah ee Bangladesh waa shirkado yar yar iyo dhexdhexaad. Intooda badani waxay adeegsadaan qalab dib-u-habeyn ah oo dibedda laga keenay iyo qalab gacanta lagu sameeyo oo gudaha laga soo saaro. Way adag tahay in la iibsado qalab heer sare ah oo wata otomaatig sare iyo farsamo-yaqaan casri ah oo ay wataan lacagtooda, taasoo keentay tayada guud ee alaabada caagga ah ee Bangladesh. Ma ahan mid sareeya, mana ahan tartan caalami ah oo xoogan.
(2) Heerarka tayada ee alaabada caagga ah waxay u baahan yihiin in la mideeyo.
La'aanta heerarka tayada ee alaabooyinka gaarka ah ayaa sidoo kale ah qodob muhiim ah oo xaddidaya horumarka warshadaha caagagga ee Bangladesh. Waqtigaan la joogo, Machadka Heerarka iyo Imtixaanka ee Bangladesh (BSTI) waxay qaadataa waqti aad u dheer in la sameeyo heerarka tayada ee alaabada caagga ah, wayna adag tahay in heshiis lala gaaro shirkadaha wax soo saara ee ku saabsan in la adeegsanayo heerka Maamulka Cuntada iyo Dawooyinka ee Mareykanka ama International Codex Alimentarius Commission. Heerka CODEX ee heerarka cunnada ee heerarka wax soo saarka caaga ah. BSTI waa inay mideysaa heerarka alaabada balaastigga ah ee khuseeya sida ugu dhakhsaha badan, cusbooneysiiso 26 nooc oo ah heerarka wax soo saarka caaga ah ee la soo saaray, ayna dejiso heerar dheeri ah oo wax soo saar balaastig ah iyadoo lagu saleynayo heerarka shahaadada ee Bangladesh iyo wadamada loo dhoofiyo dhoofinta si loo hubiyo soo saarida caag tayo leh oo la jaan qaadaya heerarka caalamiga ah. Waxyaabaha lagu hagaajinayo tartanka caalamiga ah ee alaabada Meng Plastics.
(3) Maareynta warshadaha dib-u-warshadaynta qashinka caagga ah waxay u baahan tahay in la sii xoojiyo.
Kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha ee Bangladesh waa kuwo dib u dhacsan, qashin wanaagsan, biyaha wasakhda ah iyo nidaamka maaraynta dib u warshadaynta kiimikada wali lama dhisin. Sida laga soo xigtay warbixinnada, ugu yaraan 300,000 tan oo wasakh ah oo caag ah ayaa lagu daadiyaa wabiyada iyo dhulka qoyan ee Bangladesh sannad kasta, taasoo khatar weyn ku ah deegaanka deegaanka. Tan iyo sanadkii 2002, dowlada ayaa mamnuucday adeegsiga bacaha polyetylen-ka, waxaana bilaabmay inay sii kordhaan isticmaalka bacaha warqadaha, bacaha dharka iyo bacaha jute. Sida ugu wanaagsan ee la isugu dheellitiri karo soosaarka alaabada caagga ah iyo dib-u-warshadaynta qashinka caagga ah iyo in la yareeyo waxyeellada ay wasakhda caaggu ku leedahay deegaanka iyo deegaanka nololeed ee Bangladesh waa dhibaato ay tahay in dowladda Bangladesh ay si sax ah ula tacaasho
(4) Heerka farsamo ee shaqaalaha ka shaqeeya warshadaha caagagga ayaa u baahan in la sii wanaajiyo.
Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, dowladda Bangaladhesh waxay qaaday tallaabooyin kala duwan si ay u horumariso xirfadaha mihnadeed ee shaqaalaha. Tusaale ahaan, Ururka Waxsoosaarka Waxsoosaarka Bangladesh iyo Ururka Dhoofiyeyaashu waxay bilaabeen aasaasidda Machadka Bangladesh ee Sayniska Caaga iyo Teknolojiyada (BIPET) si loo hagaajiyo heerka farsamo ee shaqaalaha warshadaha caagagga Bangladesh iyada oo loo marayo taxane farsamooyin farsamo iyo bartilmaameed bartilmaameed ah. Laakiin guud ahaan, heerka farsamo ee shaqaalaha warshadaha caaga ee Bangladesh ma badna. Dowladda Bangaladesh waa inay sii kordhisaa tababarka isla mar ahaantaana ay xoojiso is-weydaarsiga farsamada iyo dhisidda awoodda waddamada waaweyn ee caagga soo saara sida Shiinaha iyo Hindiya si loo hagaajiyo heerka guud ee farsamada warshadaha caagagga ee Bangladesh. .
(5) Taageerada siyaasada waxay ubaahantahay in lasii kordhiyo.
Marka laga hadlayo taageerada siyaasadda dowladda, warshadaha caagagga ee Bangladesh ayaa aad uga dambeeya warshadaha soo saara dharka. Tusaale ahaan, Kastamka Bangladesh wuxuu hubiyaa liisanka isku xiran ee soosaarayaasha balaastigga sanad walba, halka ay baareyso soosaarayaasha dharka hal mar saddexdii sanoba mar. Canshuurta shirkadaha ee warshadaha balaastigga ah waa heerka caadiga ah, taas oo ah, 25% shirkadaha liiska ku jira iyo 35% ee shirkadaha aan liiska ku jirin. Canshuurta ganacsiga ee warshadeynta dharka ayaa ah 12%; asal ahaan majiraan canshuur celin dhoofinta alaabada balaastigga ah; xadka sare ee codsiga Sanduuqa Horumarinta Dhoofinta Bangladesh (EDF) ee loogu talagalay shirkadaha wax soo saarka balaastigga ah waa 1 milyan oo doollarka Mareykanka ah, iyo soo saaraha dharka waa 25 milyan oo doolarka Mareykanka ah. Si loo sii xoojiyo horumarinta xoogga leh ee warshadaha caagagga ee Bangladesh, taageerada siyaasadeed ee dheeraadka ah ee waaxaha dowladda sida Wasaaradda Ganacsiga iyo Warshadaha ee Bangladesh ayaa si gaar ah muhiim u noqon doonta.
