M'zaka zaposachedwa, makampani opanga zida zamankhwala padziko lonse lapansi asungabe kukula mwachangu komanso kolimba, ndikukula kwapafupifupi 4%, komwe kuli kwakukulu kuposa kukwera kwachuma kwadziko nthawi yomweyo. United States, Europe, ndi Japan onse amakhala pamsika wamsika wamsika wadziko lonse wazachipatala. United States ndi yomwe imapanga komanso kugulitsa zida zamankhwala padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kuli pamalo otsogola pamsika. Mwa zida zazikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi zamankhwala, United States ili ndi makampani azida zamankhwala ambiri ndipo ndiomwe amakhala ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri.
Nkhaniyi imafotokozera makamaka mapulasitiki omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, omwe amapangidwa ndi zinthu zosavuta kuzipanga. Mapulasitiki awa amakhala okwera mtengo poyerekeza ndi kulemera, chifukwa zida zambiri zimatayika chifukwa cha zinyalala pokonza.
Kuyamba kwa mapulasitiki wamba azachipatala
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
The terpolymer imapangidwa ndi SAN (styrene-acrylonitrile) ndi butadiene yopangira labala. Kuchokera pamapangidwe ake, unyolo waukulu wa ABS ukhoza kukhala BS, AB, AS, ndipo unyolo wolingana wa nthambi ukhoza kukhala AS, S, AB ndi zina.
ABS ndi polima momwe gawo labala limabalalika gawo lopitilira utomoni. Chifukwa chake, sikumangophatikiza kapena kusakaniza kwama monomers atatuwa, SAN (styrene-acrylonitrile), omwe amapatsa kuuma kwa ABS ndikumalizira kwam'mwamba, butadiene amapereka Chifukwa cha kulimba kwake, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zitatuzi kumatha kusinthidwa pakufunika. Mapulasitiki amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mbale zokulirapo za 4-inchi ndi ndodo za 6-inchi m'mimba mwake, zomwe zimatha kulumikizidwa mosavuta ndikupaka laminated kuti apange mbale ndi zowonjezera. Chifukwa chokwera mtengo kwake komanso kusavuta kwake, ndichinthu chodziwika bwino pakuwunika kwamakompyuta (CNC) pakupanga.
ABS imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupukutira zipolopolo zazikuluzikuluzikuluzachipatala. M'zaka zaposachedwa, ABS yodzazidwa ndi fiber yamagalasi yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo ambiri.
Akiliriki utomoni (PMMA)
Akiliriki utomoni kwenikweni ndi imodzi mwazipangizo zoyambirira zamankhwala zamankhwala, ndipo zimagwiritsidwabe ntchito popanga kubwezeretsanso kwaaplastic. * Acrylic kwenikweni ndi polyethyl methacrylate (PMMA).
Akiliriki utomoni ndi wamphamvu, womveka, wosinthika komanso womangika. Njira imodzi yolumikizira akiliriki ndiyo kusungunula zinthu ndi methyl chloride. Akiliriki ali ndi mitundu pafupifupi yopanda malire ya ndodo, pepala ndi mawonekedwe amitundu, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Ma resin akiliriki ndioyenera makamaka mapaipi owala ndi mawonekedwe opangira.
Utomoni wa akiliriki wazizindikiro ndikuwonetsera utha kugwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa ziwonetsero ndi ziwonetsero; komabe, ayenera kusamalidwa kuti adziwe mtundu wa zamankhwala asanagwiritse ntchito m'mayeso aliwonse azachipatala. Ma resin a akiliriki amalonda amatha kukhala ndi kukana kwa UV, zotsekemera zamoto, zosintha zina ndi mankhwala ena, kuwapangitsa kukhala osayenera kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala.
Polyvinyl mankhwala enaake (PVC)
PVC ili ndi mitundu iwiri, yolimba komanso yosinthasintha, kutengera ngati ma plasticizers amawonjezedwa kapena ayi. PVC imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga madzi. Zoyipa zazikulu za PVC ndizovuta kukana nyengo, mphamvu zochepa, ndipo kulemera kwa pepala la thermoplastic ndikokwera kwambiri (mphamvu yokoka 1.35). Imakanda mosavuta kapena kuwonongeka, ndipo imakhala ndi malo otsika pang'ono otenthetsera (160).
Unplasticized PVC imapangidwa m'njira ziwiri zazikulu: Type I (corrosion resistance) ndi Type II (high impact). Type I PVC ndiye PVC yemwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, koma pazogwiritsa ntchito zomwe zimafunikira mphamvu yayikulu kuposa mtundu Woyamba I, Mtundu Wachiwiri umakhala ndi kukana kwakanthawi komanso kukana pang'ono kwa dzimbiri. Mu mapulogalamu omwe amafunikira kutentha kwambiri, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) yogwiritsira ntchito kwambiri ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pafupifupi 280 ° F.
Zopangira zamankhwala zopangidwa ndi pulasitiki wa polyvinyl mankhwala enaake (plasticizedpvc) poyamba amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa mphira wachilengedwe ndi magalasi mu zida zamankhwala. Zomwe zimasinthidwa ndi izi: Zipangizo zopangidwa ndi pulasitiki ya polyvinyl chloride ndizosawilitsidwa mosavuta, zowonekera bwino, ndipo zimakhala ndi kukhazikika kwamankhwala ndi magwiridwe antchito azachuma. Zopangidwa ndi pulasitiki za polyvinyl mankhwala enaake ndizosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, ndipo chifukwa cha kufewa kwawo komanso kusinthasintha, amatha kupewa kuwononga ziwalo za wodwalayo ndikupewa kumudwalitsa.
Polycarbonate (PC)
Polycarbonate (PC) ndi pulasitiki wowoneka bwino kwambiri ndipo ndiwothandiza pazinthu zamankhwala, makamaka ngati kugwiritsira ntchito UV kuchiritsa kuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. PC ili ndi mitundu ingapo ya ndodo, mbale ndi pepala, ndizosavuta kuphatikiza.
Ngakhale mawonekedwe opitilira khumi ndi awiri a PC atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito paokha kapena kuphatikiza, asanu ndi awiri amadaliridwa nthawi zambiri. PC imakhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu, madzi owonekera poyera, kukana kwabwino, kutentha kwakukulu, magwiridwe antchito, kuvala kukana, kuuma ndi kukhazikika, ngakhale kuli kocheperako.
PC imasulidwa mosavuta ndi njira yolera poizoniyu, koma magwiridwe antchito a radiation amapezeka.
Polypropylene (PP)
PP ndiyopepuka, yotsika mtengo polyolefin pulasitiki wokhala ndi malo otsika pang'ono, chifukwa chake ndioyenera kwambiri kupangira thermoforming ndi kulongedza chakudya. PP ndiyotheka kuyaka, chifukwa chake ngati mungafune kukana moto, yang'anani masukulu oyaka moto (FR). PP imagonjetsedwa ndi kupindika, komwe kumadziwika kuti "100-fold glue". Kwa mapulogalamu omwe amafunika kupindika, PP itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Polyethylene (Pe)
Polyethylene (PE) ndichinthu chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira chakudya ndikukonzekera. Kopitilira muyeso-mkulu maselo kulemera polyethylene (UHMWPE) ali mkulu avale kukana, otsika mikangano koyefishienti, kudziletsa lubricity, pamwamba sanali adhesion ndi kwambiri mankhwala kutopa kukana. Imasunganso magwiridwe antchito kutentha kwakukulu kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, nayitrogeni wamadzi, -259 ° C). UHMWPE imayamba kufewa mozungulira 185 ° F ndikutaya kukana kwake.
Popeza UHMWPE imakhala ndi kukhathamira kochulukirapo komanso kwakanthawi kochepa pakatenthedwe, sikulimbikitsidwa kuti pakhale kulolerana m'malo awa.
Chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zapamwamba, zopanda zomata, PE imatha kukhala yovuta kulumikizana. Zigawo ndizosavuta kulumikizana ndi zomangira, zosokoneza kapena zithunzithunzi. Loctite amatulutsa zomata za cyanoacrylate (CYA) (LoctitePrism pamwamba-insensitive CYA ndi primer) yolumikizira mitundu iyi yamapulasitiki.
UHMWPE imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pazitsulo zamafupa zopambana kwambiri. Ndicho chinthu chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu kapu ya acetabular nthawi yonse ya chiuno cha arthroplasty komanso zinthu zomwe zimafala kwambiri m'chigawo cha tibial plateau panthawi yonse ya mawondo. Ndi oyenera opukutidwa kwambiri a cobalt-chromium alloy. * Chonde dziwani kuti zida zoyenera kupangira mafupa ndizapadera, osati mafakitale. Kalasi ya zamankhwala UHMWPE imagulitsidwa pansi pa dzina lamalonda Lennite ndi Westlake Plastics (Lenni, PA).
Polyoxymethylene (POM)
DuPont's Delrin ndi amodzi mwa ma POM odziwika bwino kwambiri, ndipo opanga ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito dzinali kutanthauza pulasitiki iyi. POM amapangidwa kuchokera ku formaldehyde. POM idapangidwa koyambirira kwa ma 1950 ngati cholimba cholimba chosagwira kutentha, chotchedwa "Saigang". Ndi pulasitiki yolimba yokhala ndi koyefishienti yochepa yotsutsana komanso mphamvu yayikulu.
Delrin ndi POM yofananira ndizovuta kulumikizana, ndipo msonkhano wamakina umakhala wabwino kwambiri. Delrin imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida zamankhwala ndi makina otsekedwa. Imatha kukonzedwa bwino, chifukwa chake ndiyabwino kwambiri pazotengera zamagetsi zomwe zimafunikira mphamvu, kukana mankhwala, ndi zinthu zomwe zimakwaniritsa miyezo ya FDA.
Chovuta chimodzi cha Delrin ndikumvetsetsa kwake kwa ma radiation, komwe kumapangitsa kuti POM ikhale yopepuka. Ngati radiation yolera yotseketsa, chithunzithunzi choyenera, makina apulasitiki masika ndi gawo locheperako pansi pakatundu amatha kuswa Ngati mukufuna kuyimitsa ziwalo za B-POM, chonde lingalirani kugwiritsa ntchito EtO, Steris kapena ma autoclaves, kutengera ngati chipangizocho chili ndi zinthu zilizonse zovuta, monga zida zamagetsi.
Nylon (PA)
Nylon imapezeka mu 6/6 ndi 6/12 formulations. Nylon ndi yolimba komanso yotentha. Zizindikiritso 6/6 ndi 6/12 amatanthauza kuchuluka kwa maatomu a kaboni munyolo yama polima, ndipo 6/12 ndi nayiloni yayitali-yayitali yomwe imakhala ndi kutentha kwambiri. Nylon siyosinthika ngati ABS kapena Delrin (POM) chifukwa imakonda kusiya tchipisi tothina m'mbali mwa magawo omwe angafunike kusokonekera.
Nylon 6, yotchuka kwambiri ndi nayiloni, yomwe idapangidwa ndi DuPont nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse isanachitike. Komabe, mpaka 1956, ndi kupezeka kwa mankhwala (co-catalysts ndi ma accelerator) omwe adaponyera nayiloni idayamba kuchita malonda. Ndiukadaulo watsopanowu, kuthamanga kwa polima kumawonjezeka kwambiri, ndipo njira zofunika kukwaniritsa polima zimakhala zochepa.
Chifukwa cha zoletsa zochepa pakapangidwe, nayiloni 6 imapereka chimodzi mwazithunzi zazikulu kwambiri komanso mawonekedwe amtundu uliwonse wa thermoplastic. Zojambulazo zimaphatikizapo mipiringidzo, machubu, machubu ndi mbale. Kukula kwawo kumayambira pa mapaundi 1 mpaka mapaundi 400.
Zipangizo za nylon zimakhala ndi mphamvu zama makina komanso zowakomera khungu zimawona kuti zida wamba zilibe. Komabe, zida zamankhwala zodontha m'miyendo, ma wheelchair okonzanso, ndi mabedi oyamwitsa azachipatala nthawi zambiri amafuna magawo okhala ndi mphamvu yonyamula katundu, chifukwa chake PA66 + 15% GF imasankhidwa.
Ethorin Propylene (FEP)
Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) ili ndi zinthu zonse zofunika pa tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) (polytetrafluoroethylene [PTFE]), koma imakhala ndi kutentha kotsika 200 ° C (392 ° F). Mosiyana PTFE, FEP akhoza jekeseni kuumbidwa ndi extruded mu mipiringidzo, machubu ndi mbiri wapadera ndi njira ochiritsira. Izi zimakhala ntchito yopanga ndikukonzekera kuposa PTFE. Mabotolo mpaka mainchesi 4.5 ndi mbale mpaka mainchesi awiri alipo. Magwiridwe a FEP pansi pa njira yolera poizoni ndi bwino pang'ono kuposa PTFE.
Mapulasitiki apamwamba kwambiri
Polyetherimide (Pei)
Ultem 1000 ndi thermoplastic polyetherimide yotentha kwambiri, yopangidwa ndi General Electric Company yopangira jekeseni. Kudzera pakupanga ukadaulo watsopano wa extrusion, opanga monga AL Hyde, Gehr ndi Ensinger amapanga mitundu ndi utali wosiyanasiyana wa Ultem 1000. Ultem 1000 imaphatikizanso kuyendetsa bwino kwambiri ndipo ili ndi phindu lopulumutsa poyerekeza ndi PES, PEEK ndi Kapton pakugwiritsa ntchito kutentha kwambiri (kugwiritsa ntchito mosalekeza mpaka 340 ° F). Ultem ndiyotheka.
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) ndi chizindikiro cha Victrex plc (UK), crystalline yotentha kwambiri yotentha ndi kutentha kwambiri komanso kukana kwamankhwala, komanso kukana kwabwino kwambiri komanso kukana kutopa. Ndikulimbikitsidwa pazinthu zamagetsi zomwe zimafuna kutentha kopitilira muyeso (480 ° F), komanso mpweya wotsika kwambiri ndi utsi wakupha womwe umayaka.
PEEK ikumana ndi Underwriters Laboratories (UL) 94 V-0 zofunika, 0.080 mainchesi. Chogulitsidwacho chimalimbana kwambiri ndi cheza cha gamma, ngakhale choposa cha polystyrene. Chokhacho chokha chosungunulira chomwe chitha kuwononga PEEK ndi sulfuric acid. PEEK ili ndi mphamvu yotsika kwambiri ya hydrolysis ndipo imatha kugwira ntchito nthunzi mpaka 500 ° F.
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
TFE kapena PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), yomwe nthawi zambiri imatchedwa Teflon, ndi amodzi mwamatumba atatu a fluorocarbon mgulu la fluorocarbon, lomwe limapangidwa ndi fluorine ndi kaboni basi. Ma resin ena mgululi, omwe amadziwikanso kuti Teflon, ndi perfluoroalkoxy fluorocarbon (PFA) ndi FEP.
Mphamvu zomwe zimalumikiza fluorine ndi kaboni palimodzi zimapereka chimodzi mwazinthu zamphamvu kwambiri zamankhwala zomwe zimadziwika pakati pa ma atomu oyanjanitsidwa bwino. Zotsatira zamphamvu yolumikizana iyi kuphatikiza unyolo ndi polima yolimba kwambiri, yopanga mankhwala, komanso yopanda mphamvu.
TFE imatsutsana ndi kutentha komanso pafupifupi zinthu zonse zamankhwala. Kupatula mitundu ingapo yakunja, sichimasungunuka m'zinthu zonse zachilengedwe. Ntchito zake zamagetsi ndizabwino kwambiri. Ngakhale ili ndi mphamvu yayikulu, poyerekeza ndi mainjiniya ena a thermoplastics, mphamvu yake yovala, mphamvu yolimba komanso kukana pang'ono ndiyotsika.
TFE ili ndi gawo lotsika kwambiri la dielectric komanso chotsikitsitsa kwambiri chazida zonse zolimba. Chifukwa cha kulumikizana kwake kwamphamvu ndi mankhwala, TFE imakhala yosakopa ma molekyulu osiyanasiyana. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mgwirizano wokwanira mpaka 0.05. Ngakhale PTFE ili ndi koyefishienti yochepa yotsutsana, siyabwino kugwiritsa ntchito mafupa amtundu wambiri chifukwa chazitsulo zake zochepa. Sir John Charnley adapeza vutoli pantchito yake yopanga upangiri wa chiuno kumapeto kwa ma 1950.
Polysulfone
Polysulfone idapangidwa kale ndi BP Amoco ndipo pakadali pano amapangidwa ndi Solvay pansi pa dzina la malonda Udel, ndipo polyphenylsulfone imagulitsidwa pansi pa dzina la malonda Radel.
Polysulfone ndi yolimba, yolimba, yowoneka bwino kwambiri (yotentha kwambiri) yotentha kwambiri yomwe imatha kukhalabe yotentha kwambiri kuyambira -150 ° F mpaka 300 ° F. Zapangidwira zida zovomerezeka ndi FDA, zidaperekanso mayeso onse a USP Class VI (biological). Imakwaniritsa miyezo ya madzi akumwa a National Sanitation Foundation, mpaka 180 ° F. Polysulfone imakhala yolimba kwambiri. Pambuyo poyang'ana madzi otentha kapena mpweya pa 300 ° F, kusintha kosasintha kumakhala gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi a 1% kapena ochepera. Polysulfone imatsutsana kwambiri ndi ma inorganic acid, alkalis ndi mchere; ngakhale kutentha kwambiri pansi pamavuto apakati, imatha kulimbana ndi zotsekemera komanso mafuta a hydrocarbon. Polysulfone imagonjetsedwa ndi zotsekemera za polar monga ketoni, ma hydrocarbon okhala ndi chlorine ndi ma hydrocarbon onunkhira.
Radel imagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira zida zomwe zimafunikira kutentha kwambiri komanso mphamvu yayikulu, komanso ntchito zapa traylave ya chipatala. Utomoni wa polysulfone umaphatikiza mphamvu yayitali komanso kukana kwakanthawi kwakanthawi kothimbirira kwa nthunzi. Ma polima awa atsimikizira kukhala njira zina zosapanga dzimbiri zosapanga dzimbiri ndi magalasi. Kalasi ya polysulfone yachipatala ndi yopanda chilengedwe, imakhala ndi moyo wautali wapadera panjira yolera, imatha kukhala yowonekera kapena yopanda tanthauzo, ndipo imagonjetsedwa ndi mankhwala omwe amapezeka mchipatala.
