Côte d'Ivoire ndi yomwe imapanga mphira waukulu kwambiri ku Africa, ndipo pachaka imatulutsa matani 230,000 a mphira. Mu 2015, mtengo wamsika wapadziko lonse lapansi udagwera ma 225 francs / kg ku West Africa, zomwe zidakhudza kwambiri mafakitale a dzikolo, makampani okonza zinthu ndi alimi. Côte d'Ivoire ndiwonso wachisanu padziko lonse lapansi wopanga mafuta amgwalangwa, ndipo pachaka amatulutsa matani 1.6 miliyoni a mafuta a kanjedza. Makampani opanga kanjedza amagwiritsa ntchito anthu 2 miliyoni, omwe amawerengera pafupifupi 10% ya anthu mdzikolo.
Poyankha zovuta zamakampani a mphira, Purezidenti Ouattara waku Côte d'Ivoire adati mukulankhula kwake kwa Chaka Chatsopano cha 2016 kuti mu 2016, boma la Côte d'Ivoire lipitilizabe kulimbikitsa kusintha kwa mafakitale a mphira ndi migwalangwa, powonjezera kuchuluka kwa ndalama kuti atulutse ndikuwonjezera ndalama za alimi, Tsimikizirani zabwino za akatswiri.
Raba wachilengedwe wa Côte d'Ivoire wakula mwachangu mzaka 10 zapitazi, ndipo dzikolo tsopano lakhala lopanga komanso kutumiza kunja kwambiri ku Africa.
Mbiri ya mphira wachilengedwe waku Africa idakhazikitsidwa makamaka ku West Africa, Nigeria, Côte d'Ivoire, ndi Liberia, monga maiko omwe amabala mphira ku Africa, omwe amakhala ndi 80% yonse yaku Africa. Komabe, mu nthawi ya 2007-2008, kupanga kwa Africa kudatsika mpaka matani 500,000, kenako ndikuwonjezeka, mpaka matani 575,000 mu 2011/2012. M'zaka 10 zapitazi, kutulutsa kwa Côte d'Ivoire kwakwera kuchoka pa matani 135,000 mu 2001/2002 mpaka matani 290,000 mu 2012/2013, ndipo kuchuluka kwa zotuluka kwakwera kuchoka pa 31.2% mpaka 44.5% m'zaka 10. Mosiyana ndi Nigeria, gawo lazopanga ku Liberia latsika ndi 42% munthawi yomweyo.
Raba wachilengedwe wa ku Côte d'Ivoire amachokera makamaka kwa alimi ang'onoang'ono. Wodzala mphira wamba amakhala ndi mitengo ya chingamu 2,000 mmwamba ndi pansi, yowerengera 80% ya mitengo yonse ya mphira. Zina zonse ndi minda ikuluikulu. Ndi thandizo losalekeza lochokera kuboma la Côte d'Ivoire lodzala mphira pazaka zambiri, dera la mphira mdzikolo lawonjezeka mpaka mahekitala 420,000, pomwe mahekitala 180,000 adakololedwa; Mtengo wa mphira mzaka 10 zapitazi, kutulutsa kokhazikika kwa mitengo ya labala ndi ndalama zomwe abweretsa, Ndipo ndalama zochepa pambuyo pake, kotero kuti alimi ambiri amatenga nawo mbali pantchitoyi.
Kutulutsa kwapachaka kwa nkhalango za mphira za alimi ang'onoang'ono ku Côte d'Ivoire kumatha kufikira matani 1.8 / ha, omwe ndi apamwamba kwambiri kuposa zinthu zina zaulimi monga cocoa, yomwe ndi 660 kg / ha yokha. Zotulutsa m'minda zitha kufikira matani 2.2 / ha. Chofunika koposa, mphira Nkhalango ikayamba kudulidwa, pamafunika ndalama zochepa chabe mu feteleza ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Ngakhale mitengo ya chingamu ku Côte d'Ivoire imakhudzidwanso ndi powdery mildew ndi mizu yowola, pamangokhala gawo lochepa la 3% mpaka 5%. Kupatula nyengo yovuta mu Marichi ndi Epulo, kwa alimi a mphira, ndalama zomwe amapeza pachaka ndizokhazikika. Kuphatikiza apo, bungwe loyang'anira ku Ivory Coast APROMAC komanso kudzera mu ndalama zina zopangira mphira, malinga ndi 50% yamtengo, pafupifupi mbande za 150-225 XOF / mbira zoperekedwa kwa alimi ang'onoang'ono kwa zaka 1-2, ikadula mitengo ya labala kubwezeredwa ku XOF 10-15 / kg. Ku APROMAC, idalimbikitsa kwambiri alimi akumaloko kuti alowe nawo.
Chimodzi mwazifukwa zakukula mwachangu kwa mphira ku Côte d'Ivoire chikukhudzana ndi oyang'anira boma. Kumayambiriro kwa mwezi uliwonse, bungwe la mphira mdziko muno APROMAC limakhazikitsa 61% yamtengo wa mphira wa CIF ku Singapore Commodity Exchange. M'zaka 10 zapitazi, malamulo amtunduwu awalimbikitsa kwambiri alimi a labala kuti apeze njira zowonjezera kupanga.
Pambuyo pochepetsa pang'ono mphira pakati pa 1997 ndi 2001, kuyambira mu 2003, mitengo yama rabara yapadziko lonse lapansi idapitilizabe kukwera. Ngakhale adagwa pafupifupi XOF271 / kg mu 2009, mtengo wogula udafika pa XOF766 / kg mu 2011 ndipo udatsikira ku XOF444.9 / kg mu 2013. Kilograms. Munthawi imeneyi, mtengo wogula womwe APROMAC yakhala ukulumikizana nthawi zonse ndi mtengo wapadziko lonse lapansi, ndikupangitsa kuti alimi a labala apindule.
Chifukwa china ndichakuti popeza mafakitale a mphira ku Côte d'Ivoire ali pafupi kwambiri ndi malo opangira, nthawi zambiri amagula mwachindunji kwa alimi ang'onoang'ono, amapewa kulumikizana kwapakati. Alimi onse a mphira amatha kupeza mtengo wofanana ndi APROMAC, makamaka pambuyo pa 2009. Potengera kuchuluka kwa mafakitale a mphira komanso kufunika kopikisana pakati pa mafakitole amchigawo pazinthu zopangira, makampani ena a mphira amagula pamtengo wa XOF 10-30 / kg kuposa mphira wa APROMAC kuti zitsimikizire kupanga, ndikulitsa ndikukhazikitsa mafakitale a nthambi kumadera akutali komanso osatukuka. Malo osonkhanitsira guluu amagawidwanso m'malo osiyanasiyana opangira labala.
Raba wa ku Côte d'Ivoire kwenikweni amatumizidwa kunja, ndipo zosakwana 10% ya zotuluka zake zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu za mphira wapakhomo. Kuwonjezeka kwa kutumizidwa kwa mphira m'zaka zisanu zapitazi kukuwonetsa kukwera kwa zotuluka ndikusintha kwamitengo yapadziko lonse lapansi. Mu 2003, ndalama zogulitsa kunja zidangokhala madola 113 miliyoni aku US, ndipo zidakwera mpaka 1.1 biliyoni zaku US mchaka cha 2011. Munthawi imeneyi, inali pafupifupi madola 960 miliyoni aku US mu 2012. Rubber idakhala dziko lachiwiri lalikulu kwambiri logulitsa kunja, chachiwiri pambuyo pa zotumiza kunja kwa koko. Asanachitike mtedza, thonje ndi khofi, komwe amapita kunja kwambiri anali Europe, kuwerengera 48%; mayiko omwe amagula kwambiri anali Germany, Spain, France ndi Italy, ndipo wolowetsa wamkulu kwambiri ku Côte d'Ivoire mphira ku Africa anali South Africa. Kugulitsa kunja kwa madola 180 miliyoni aku US mu 2012, ndikutsatiridwa ndi Malaysia ndi United States pamndandanda wazogulitsa kunja, zonsezi ndi pafupifupi madola 140 miliyoni aku US. Ngakhale China sikuchuluka, idangowerengera 6% ya zotumiza za mphira ku Côte d'Ivoire mu 2012, koma dziko lomwe likukula mwachangu kwambiri, Kuwonjezeka kwa 18 m'zaka zitatu zapitazi kukuwonetsa kufunikira kwa China kwa mphira waku Africa mzaka zaposachedwa.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, ngakhale makampani atsopano atenga nawo mbali, gawo lalikulu la mphira wa Côte d'Ivoire lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi makampani atatu: SAPH, SOGB, ndi TRCI. SAPH ndi kampani yothandizira mabala a SIFCA Gulu la Côte d'Ivoire. Imangokhala ndi minda yampira, komanso imagula mphira kwa alimi ang'onoang'ono. Inapanga matani 120,000 a mphira mu 2012-2013, kuwerengera 44% ya gawo lonse la mphira ku Côte d'Ivoire. Zotsalira ziwirizi, SOGB, yomwe imayang'aniridwa ndi Belgium ndi TRCI, yomwe imayang'aniridwa ndi Singapore GMG, akaunti iliyonse imakhala pafupifupi 20% ya share, ndipo makampani ena ndi mabungwe ang'onoang'ono amawerengera 15% yotsalayo.
Makampani atatuwa alinso ndi malo opangira mphira. SAPH ndiye kampani yayikulu kwambiri yopanga labala, yomwe imapanga pafupifupi 12% yamphamvu zopangira mu 2012, ndipo ikuyembekezeka kufikira matani 124,000 opanga mu 2014, ndi SOGB ndi TRCI owerengera 17.6% ndi 5.9%, motsatana. Kuphatikiza apo, pali makampani ena omwe akutuluka omwe ali ndi voliyumu yoyambira kuyambira matani 21,000 mpaka matani 41,000. Lalikulu kwambiri ndi fakitale ya mphira ya CHC ya SIAT ku Belgium, yowerengera pafupifupi 9.4%, ndi mafakitala 6 a mphira ku Côte d'Ivoire (SAPH, SOGB, CHC, EXAT, SCC ndi CCP) mphamvu zonse zogwiritsira ntchito zidafika matani 380,000 mu 2013 ndipo akuyembekezeka kufikira matani 440,000 pofika kumapeto kwa 2014.
Kupanga ndi kupanga matayala ndi zinthu za mphira ku Côte d'Ivoire sikunayambike kwenikweni m'zaka zaposachedwa. Malinga ndi zomwe boma limanena, pali makampani atatu okha a mphira, omwe ndi SITEL, CCP ndi ZENITH, omwe amafunikira pachaka matani 760 a labala ndipo amawononga zosakwana 1% ya zomwe Côte d'Ivoire idatulutsa. Pali malipoti oti zopikisana zambiri za mphira zimachokera ku China. Zimakhudza chitukuko cha zinthu zomalizira ku mphira mdziko muno.
Poyerekeza ndi mayiko ena a ku Africa, Côte d'Ivoire ili ndi maubwino pantchito yama raba, komanso ikukumana ndi zovuta zambiri. Chachikulu kwambiri ndikupitilizabe kutsika kwamitengo yapadziko lonse lapansi m'zaka zaposachedwa. Kutsika kwa 40% pazaka ziwiri zapitazi kwakhudzanso zoyeserera za dzikolo kwa alimi a mphira. Mtengo wogula unachepetsa chidaliro cha alimi a mphira. M'zaka zaposachedwa, kukwera mtengo kwa mphira kwapangitsa kuti kuchuluka kwa zoperekera kupitilira zomwe zikufunika. Mtengo wa mphira unatsika kuchokera ku XOF766 / KG pachimake kufika pa 265 mu Marichi 2014 (XOF 281 / mu February 2015). KG) Izi zapangitsa alimi ang'onoang'ono a mphira ku Ivory Coast kutaya chidwi chachitukuko.
Kachiwiri, kusintha kwa misonkho ku Côte d'Ivoire kumakhudzanso makampani. Kulephera kwa misonkho kunapangitsa kuti dziko lino likhazikitse msonkho wa 5% wamabizinesi a mphira mu 2012, womwe umachokera pamisonkho ya 25% yomwe ilipo kale komanso XOF7500 pa hekitala yomwe imaperekedwa m'minda yosiyanasiyana. Misonkho imakhoma pamaziko. Kuphatikiza apo, makampani amalipirabe msonkho wowonjezera (VAT) potumiza mphira. Ngakhale opanga mabala aku Ivorian atha kulonjeza kuti adzabwezeredwa pang'ono pamsonkho womwe adalipira, chifukwa cha zovuta zaofesi yayikulu yaboma, kubwezeredwa kumeneku kumatha kuwononga madola angapo. chaka. Misonkho yokwera komanso mitengo yotsika ya mphira yapadziko lonse lapansi yapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti makampani a mphira azipeza phindu. Mu 2014, boma lidalimbikitsa kusintha misonkho, kuthetsa misonkho ya 5% yamabizinesi, ndikulimbikitsa makampani kuti azigula mphira kuchokera kwa alimi ang'onoang'ono, kuteteza ndalama za alimi ang'onoang'ono, ndikulimbikitsanso chitukuko cha mphira.
Mitengo ya mphira wapadziko lonse ndi yaulesi, ndipo kutulutsa kwa Côte d'Ivoire sikudzatsika kwakanthawi kochepa. Zachidziwikire kuti zopangazi zichulukirachulukira munthawi yayitali komanso yayitali. Malinga ndi nthawi yokolola yazaka 6 ya minda ndi nthawi yokolola ya zaka 7-8 ya minda ya alimi ang'onoang'ono, zotuluka za mitengo ya labala yomwe idabzalidwa mitengo ya labala isanakwane mu 2011 idzangokula pang'onopang'ono mzaka zikubwerazi. , ndipo zotuluka mu 2014 zidafika matani 311,000, kupitilira ziyembekezo za matani 296,000. Mu 2015, zotulukazo zikuyembekezeka kufikira matani 350,000, malinga ndi kuneneratu kwa APROMAC. Pofika chaka cha 2020, mapangidwe achilengedwe a dzikolo adzafika matani 600,000.
China-Africa Trade Research Center idasanthula kuti monga wopanga mphira wamkulu kwambiri ku Africa, mphira wachilengedwe wa Côte d'Ivoire wakula mwachangu mzaka 10 zapitazi, ndipo dzikolo tsopano lakhala lopanga komanso kugulitsa kwambiri zachilengedwe ku Africa. Pakadali pano, labala yaku Côte d'Ivoire ndiyomwe imagulitsidwa kunja konse, ndipo ntchito yake yopanga ndikupanga matayala ndi zinthu za mphira sizinapite patsogolo m'zaka zaposachedwa, ndipo zosakwana 10% yazogulitsa zake zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza ndi kupanga. Pali malipoti akuti zopikisana zambiri zampira zochokera ku China zakhudza chitukuko cha zinthu zomalizira za mphira mdzikolo. Nthawi yomweyo, China ndi dziko lomwe likukula mwachangu pamayiko akutali kuchokera ku Côte d'Ivoire, kuwonetsa kufunikira kwakukulu kwa China kwa mphira waku Africa mzaka zaposachedwa.
Côte d'Ivoire Buku Lopanga Mphira
Côte d'Ivoire Mphira Woumba Mkulu Wazamalonda
