1. Asalin kalmar "guduro"
Filastik abu ne mai ɗauke da babban polymer azaman babban ɓangaren. Ya ƙunshi kwalliyar roba da filler, masu sanya robobi, masu daidaitawa, man shafawa, launuka masu ƙayatarwa da sauran abubuwan ƙari. Yana cikin yanayin ruwa yayin masana'antu da sarrafawa don sauƙaƙa samfurin, Yana gabatar da cikakkiyar sifa idan aikin ya kammala. Babban kayan aikin filastik shine guduro na roba. Sunan resins ana sanya musu suna ne bayan leda da dabbobi da tsirrai suka ɓoye, kamar su rosin, shellac, da dai sauransu.Masu maganin roba (wani lokacin kawai ana kiransu "resins") suna nufin manyan ƙwayoyin polymer waɗanda ba a haɗe su da wasu abubuwan ƙari ba. Gudun yana ɗaukar kimanin 40% zuwa 100% na nauyin nauyin filastik. Abubuwan da ake amfani da su na robobi sune ƙayyadaddun abubuwan resin, amma ƙari kuma yana da muhimmiyar rawa.
2. Me yasa ya kamata a gyara robobi?
Abin da ake kira "gyarar filastik" yana nufin hanyar ƙara ɗaya ko fiye da wasu abubuwa a cikin resin filastik don canza aikinta na asali, inganta ɗayan ko fiye da haka, don haka cimma burin faɗaɗa girman aikinsa. Ana kiran kayan roba da aka gyara gaba ɗaya a matsayin "gyararren robobi".
Har zuwa yanzu, bincike da haɓaka masana'antar sinadaran robobi sun tattara dubban kayan polymer, waɗanda sama da 100 ne kawai ke da darajar masana'antu. Fiye da kashi 90% na kayan da ake amfani da su don robobi sun fi mayar da hankali a cikin manyan sinadarai guda biyar (PE, PP, PVC, PS, ABS) A halin yanzu, yana da matukar wahala a ci gaba da hada abubuwa da yawa na sabbin kayan polymer, wanda ba shi da tattalin arziki ko kuma haƙiƙa.
Saboda haka, zurfin nazari kan alakar da ke tsakanin sinadarin polymer, tsari da aikin, da kuma gyaran robobin da ake da su a kan wannan, don samar da sabbin kayan roba masu dacewa, ya zama daya daga cikin ingantattun hanyoyin bunkasa masana'antar robobi. Masana'antar yin filastik na jima'i ma sun sami ci gaba sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.
Gyaran filastik yana nufin canza kaddarorin kayan aikin filastik ta hanyar da mutane ke tsammani ta hanyoyin jiki, na sinadarai ko na duka hanyoyin biyu, ko don rage farashin sosai, ko inganta wasu kaddarorin, ko ba da robobi Sabon aikin kayan. Hakanan za'a iya aiwatar da gyare-gyare yayin aikin polymerization na resin roba, wato, gyare-gyaren sinadarai, kamar copolymerization, grafting, crosslinking, da sauransu, ana kuma iya gudanar dasu yayin aiwatar da resin na roba, wato, gyara jiki, kamar cikawa da haɗin polymerization. Hadawa, haɓakawa, da dai sauransu Amsa zuwa "gyararren filastik" don ganin ƙarin
3. Menene hanyoyin gyaran filastik?
1. Akwai kusan nau'ikan hanyoyin gyaran filastik masu zuwa:
1) inarfafawa: Dalilin ƙaruwa da ƙarfi na kayan abu ana samun su ta hanyar ƙara ƙoshin fibrous ko flake kamar fiber gilashi, fiber carbon, da mica foda, kamar gilashin ƙarafan fiber da aka yi amfani da shi a kayan aikin wuta.
2) ugara ƙarfi: Dalilin inganta ƙarfi / tasirin tasirin robobi ana samunsa ta hanyar ƙara roba, elastomers na thermoplastic da sauran abubuwa zuwa robobi, kamar su polypropylene mai tsauri da aka fi amfani da shi a cikin motoci, kayan aikin gida da aikace-aikacen masana'antu.
3) Haɗuwa: haɗuwa gaba ɗaya kayan aikin polymer guda biyu ko waɗanda basu dace ba cikin macro-mai jituwa da ƙananan-matsakaiciyar cakuda don saduwa da wasu buƙatu dangane da kayan aikin jiki da na inji, kayan kimiyyar gani, da kayan sarrafawa. Hanyar da ake buƙata.
4) Alloy: kwatankwacin haɗuwa, amma tare da dacewa mai kyau tsakanin abubuwan da aka gyara, yana da sauƙi don samar da tsarin kama, da kuma wasu kaddarorin da ba za a iya samun su ta ɓangare ɗaya ba, kamar su PC / ABS alloy, ko PS da aka gyara PPO, na iya zama samu.
5) Ciko: Dalilin inganta kayan aiki na jiki da na inji ko rage tsada ana cin nasara ta hanyar ƙara masu cika filastik.
6) Sauran gyare-gyare: kamar amfani da fillan sarrafawa don rage ƙarfin lantarki na robobi; Bugu da ƙari na antioxidants / masu daidaita haske don inganta haɓakar yanayin kayan; Bugu da kari na launukan launuka / launuka don canza launin kayan, da kuma karin mai na ciki / na waje don yin kayan Aikin sarrafawa na filastik na karfe mai kara kusasshe ya inganta, ana amfani da wakili mai jujjuyawa don canza halayen kristal na Semi-crystalline filastik don inganta kayan aikin injiniya da kayan gani, da sauransu.
Baya ga hanyoyin gyaran jiki na sama, akwai kuma hanyoyin da za a gyara robobi ta hanyar tasirin sinadarai don samun takamaiman kaddarorin, kamar su maleic anhydride wanda aka hada polyolefin, polyethylene crosslinking, da kuma amfani da peroxides a masana'antar masaku. Rage murfin don inganta haɓakar ruwa / fiber, da dai sauransu. . Akwai abubuwa daban-daban.
Masana'antu sukan yi amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na gyare-gyare tare, kamar ƙara roba da sauran jami'ai masu wahala a cikin aikin gyaran filastik don kar a rasa ƙarfin tasiri da yawa; ko cakudawa na zahiri a cikin samar da sinadarai masu karfi na thermoplastic (TPV) Da kuma haɗakar haɗin kemikal, da sauransu ...
A zahiri, duk wani ɗan roba wanda ya ƙunshi aƙalla adadin masu daidaitawa lokacin da zai bar masana'antar don hana shi wulaƙantawa yayin adanawa, jigilar kaya da sarrafa shi. Saboda haka, "robobi da ba a gyara ba" a cikin tsayayyar ma'ana babu su. Koyaya, a masana'antar, asalin resin da aka samar a tsire-tsire masu sinadarai galibi ana kiransa da "filastik da ba a gyara ba" ko "tsarkakakken resin."
