Filastik abu ne mai ɗauke da babban polymer azaman babban ɓangaren. Ya ƙunshi kwalliyar roba da filler, masu sanya robobi, masu daidaitawa, man shafawa, launukan ƙira da sauran ƙari. Yana cikin yanayin ruwa yayin masana'antu da sarrafawa don sauƙaƙa samfurin, Yana gabatar da cikakken tsari lokacin da aka kammala aiki.
Babban kayan aikin filastik shine guduro na roba. Sunan resins ana kiransu da suna bayan leda wanda dabbobi da tsirrai suka ɓoye, kamar su rosin, shellac, da dai sauransu.Maganin roba (wani lokacin kawai ana kiranta "resins") ana nufin polymer waɗanda ba a gauraye su da wasu abubuwan ƙari ba. Gudun yana ɗaukar kimanin 40% zuwa 100% na nauyin nauyin filastik. Abubuwan da ake amfani da su na robobi sune ƙayyadaddun abubuwan resin, amma ƙari kuma yana da mahimmiyar rawa.
Me yasa za'a canza filastik?
Abin da ake kira "gyaran filastik" yana nufin hanyar canza aikinta na asali da inganta bangare daya ko sama ta hanyar kara daya ko fiye da wasu abubuwa a cikin filin roba, don haka cimma burin fadada girman aikinsa. Ana kiran kayan roba da aka gyara gaba ɗaya a matsayin "gyararren robobi".
Har zuwa yanzu, bincike da haɓaka masana'antar sinadaran robobi sun hada dubunnan kayan polymer, waɗanda sama da 100 ne kawai ke da darajar masana'antu. Fiye da kashi 90% na kayan da ake amfani da su a filastik suna mai da hankali ne a cikin manyan sinadarai guda biyar (PE, PP, PVC, PS, ABS) A halin yanzu, yana da matukar wahala a ci gaba da tattara sabbin kayan polymer masu yawa, wanda ba tattalin arziki bane kuma ba gaskiya bane.
Saboda haka, zurfin nazari kan alakar da ke tsakanin sinadarin polymer, tsari da aikin, da kuma gyaran robobin da ake da su a kan wannan, don samar da sabbin kayan roba masu dacewa, ya zama daya daga cikin ingantattun hanyoyin bunkasa masana'antar robobi. Masana'antar yin filastik na jima'i ma sun sami ci gaba sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.
Gyaran filastik yana nufin canza kaddarorin kayan filastik ta hanyar da mutane ke tsammani ta hanyar jiki, sinadarai ko hanyoyin biyu, ko don rage farashin sosai, ko inganta wasu kaddarorin, ko don ba da robobi Sabbin ayyukan kayan. Tsarin gyare-gyare na iya faruwa a yayin polymerization na resin roba, wato, gyare-gyaren sunadarai, kamar copolymerization, grafting, crosslinking, da sauransu. cikawa, haɗawa, haɓakawa, da sauransu.
Menene hanyoyin gyaran filastik?
1. Ciko gyara (ma'adinai cikawa)
Ta hanyar ƙara ma'adinan cikin jiki (kwayoyin) foda zuwa robobi na yau da kullun, za a iya inganta taurin, taurin da juriya da zafi na kayan filastik. Akwai nau'ikan filler da yawa kuma dukiyoyinsu suna da rikitarwa.
Matsayin fillan filastik: haɓaka aikin sarrafa filastik, haɓaka kaddarorin jiki da sunadarai, ƙara ƙarar, da rage farashin.
Abubuwan buƙatu don ƙarin addin filastik:
(1) Kadarorin sunadarai basa aiki, basa aiki, kuma basa aikata mummunan tasiri tare da guduro da sauran abubuwan ƙari;
(2) Bai shafi tasirin ruwa ba, juriya na sinadarai, juriya ta yanayi, juriya mai zafi, da dai sauransu na filastik;
(3) Ba ya rage kayan aikin filastik;
(4) Ana iya cike shi da yawa;
(5) Matsakaicin dangi ƙarami ne kuma yana da tasiri kaɗan a kan ƙimar samfurin.
2. Ingantaccen gyara (gilashin fiber / fiber fiber)
Measuresara ƙarfin ƙarfafawa: ta hanyar ƙara kayan fibrous kamar fiber gilashi da fiber carbon.
Hanara haɓaka sakamako: yana iya inganta haɓaka, ƙarfi, taurin, da juriya mai zafi na kayan,
M sakamakon gyare-gyare: Amma yawancin kayan zasu haifar da yanayin ƙasa da ƙananan elongation a hutu.
Principleara inganta:
(1) inarfafa kayan da ke da ƙarfi da ƙarfin aiki;
(2) Guduro yana da kyawawan halaye masu kyau na jiki da sunadarai (juriya ta lalata, rufi, juriya ta iska, saurin jure zafin jiki na gaggawa, da dai sauransu) da kayan sarrafawa;
(3) Bayan gudan yana daɗaɗawa tare da kayan ƙarfafawa, kayan ƙarfafa zasu iya inganta inji ko wasu kaddarorin resin, kuma resin na iya taka rawar alaƙa da canja wurin kaya zuwa kayan ƙarfafawa, don ƙarfafa filastik yana da kyawawan halaye.
3. Gyara gyara
Yawancin kayan aiki basu da ƙarfi sosai kuma basu da ƙarfi. Ta hanyar ƙara kayan aiki tare da mafi ƙarancin ƙarfi ko kayan ƙarancin ultrafine, za a iya ƙara ƙarfin aiki da ƙananan zafin jiki na kayan.
Wakilin ugarfafawa: Don rage ƙwanƙwasa filastik bayan ƙ harƙashewa, da inganta ƙarfin tasirinsa da tsawanta, ƙari da aka ƙara cikin gudan.
Abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su a yau da kullun don kwaɗayi-galibin magungunan maidodin anhydride
Ethylene-vinyl acetate mai kwakwalwa (EVA)
Elastomer na Polyolefin (POE)
Sanadin polyethylene (CPE)
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS)
Styrene-butadiene elastomer mai ɗaukar zafi (SBS)
EPDM (EPDM)
4. Gyaran wutan flame (rashin hakorar mara wuta)
A cikin masana'antu da yawa irin su kayan lantarki da motoci, ana buƙatar kayan aiki don jinkirin harshen wuta, amma yawancin kayan albarkatun filastik suna da ƙarancin jinkirin harshen wuta. Za'a iya samun nasarar inganta jinkirin wuta ta hanyar ƙara jinkirin harshen wuta.
Masu jinkirin wuta: wanda aka fi sani da masu jinkirin wuta, masu jinkirin wuta ko masu kashe wuta, kayan aikin aiki waɗanda ke ba da jinkirin harshen wuta ga polymer mai kunnawa; mafi yawansu sune VA (phosphorus), VIIA (bromine, chlorine) da kuma Compounds of ⅢA (antimony, aluminum) abubuwa.
Magungunan Molybdenum, mahaɗan kwano, da mahaɗan ƙarfe tare da tasirin kawar da hayaƙi suma suna cikin nau'ikan masu jinkirin kashe wuta. Ana amfani dasu galibi don robobi tare da buƙatun jinkirin wuta don jinkirta ko hana ƙone robobin robobi, musamman robobin polymer. Sa shi ya fi tsayi don kunnawa, kashe kansa, da wuyar kunnawa.
Roba harshen wuta retardant sa: daga HB, V-2, V-1, V-0, 5VB zuwa 5VA mataki-mataki.
5. Gyaran yanayin juriya (anti-tsufa, anti-ultraviolet, ƙarancin yanayin zafin jiki)
Gabaɗaya ana nufin juriya ta sanyi na robobi a ƙarancin yanayin zafi. Saboda ƙananan ƙarancin zafin jiki na robobin robobi, robobi suna zama masu saurin zafi a ƙananan zafin jiki. Sabili da haka, yawancin kayan filastik da aka yi amfani da su a cikin ƙananan yanayin zafin jiki gaba ɗaya ana buƙatar samun juriya ta sanyi.
Juriya ta yanayi: tana nufin jerin abubuwan tsufa kamar su shuɗewa, canza launi, fasawa, alli, da rage ƙarfin kayayyakin roba saboda tasirin yanayin waje kamar hasken rana, canjin yanayin zafi, iska da ruwan sama. Ruwan Ultraviolet shine maɓalli mai mahimmanci don inganta tsufa na filastik.
6. Gyaran da aka gyara
Gilashin filastik shine amfani da haɗuwa ta jiki ko ɗora sinadarai da hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa don shirya abubuwa biyu ko sama da ɗaya cikin babban aiki, aiki, da sabon abu na musamman don inganta aikin abu ɗaya ko kuma suna da duka Dalilin kayan ƙira. Zai iya inganta ko haɓaka aikin robobin da ke akwai kuma rage farashin.
Janar filastik gami: kamar PVC, PE, PP, PS gami da ake amfani da ko'ina, da kuma samar da fasaha da aka kullum ƙware.
Injin filastik na injiniya: yana nufin cakuda robobi na injiniya (guduro), galibi sun hada da tsarin hadawa da PC, PBT, PA, POM (polyoxymethylene), PPO, PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) da sauran robobi na injiniya a matsayin babban jiki, Kuma resin ABS kayan da aka gyara
Girman haɓakar amfani da gami na PC / ABS yana cikin gaba a fagen robobi. A halin yanzu, binciken kwalliyar PC / ABS ya zama wurin bincike na allunan polymer.
7. Zirconium phosphate da aka gyara filastik
1) Shirye-shiryen polypropylene PP / kwayoyin da aka gyara zirconium phosphate OZrP wanda aka haɗu ta hanyar narkewar hanyar haɗawa da aikace-aikacenta a cikin robobi na injiniya
Da farko, ana amfani da octadecyl dimethyl amine (DMA) tare da α-zirconium phosphate don samun ingantaccen tsarin zirconium phosphate (OZrP), sannan kuma OZrP yana narkewa da polypropylene (PP) don shirya abubuwan PP / OZrP. Lokacin da aka ƙara OZrP tare da kashi 3% na ƙarfi, ƙarfin ƙarfi, tasirin tasiri, da ƙarfin jujjuyawar haɗin PP / OZrP za a iya ƙaruwa da 18. 2%, 62. 5%, da 11. 3%, bi da bi, idan aka kwatanta da tsarkakakken kayan PP. Har ila yau, kwanciyar hankali na thermal ya inganta sosai. Wannan saboda ƙarshen ƙarshen DMA yana hulɗa tare da abubuwa marasa asali don ƙirƙirar haɗin sinadarai, kuma ɗayan ƙarshen dogon sarkar yana haɗuwa da jiki tare da sarkar kwayoyin PP don ƙara ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin haɗin. Ingantaccen tasirin tasiri da kwanciyar hankali na thermal sun samo asali ne saboda zirconium phosphate wanda ya jawo PP don samar da st lu'ulu'u. Abu na biyu, hulɗa tsakanin PP da aka gyara da zirconium phosphate yadudduka yana ƙaruwa tazara tsakanin matakan zirconium phosphate da watsawa mafi kyau, wanda ke haifar da ƙarfin ƙarfin lankwasawa. Wannan fasaha tana taimakawa wajen inganta aikin robobi na injiniya.
2) Polyvinyl barasa / α-zirconium phosphate nanocomposite da aikace-aikacensa a cikin kayan ƙoshin wuta
Polyvinyl barasa / α-zirconium phosphate nanocomposites za a iya amfani da shi galibi don shirye-shiryen kayan wuta. hanyar ita ce:
① Na farko, ana amfani da hanyar reflux don shirya α-zirconium phosphate.
Dangane da ruwa mai ƙarfi na 100 mL / g, ɗauki α-zirconium phosphate mai yawa da watsa shi a cikin ruɓaɓɓen ruwa, ƙara mashigin ruwa na ethylamine sau ɗaya a ƙarƙashin magnetic yana motsawa a zafin jiki na ɗakin, sa'annan ƙara adadin diethanolamine, kuma a bi da shi gaba ɗaya don shirya ZrP -OH bayani mai ruwa-ruwa.
Ya narke wani adadi na polyvinylhol (PVA) a cikin ruwa 90 ℃ wanda aka shayar dashi don yin maganin kashi 5%, sai a hada da ruwan zrP-OH na ruwa, a ci gaba da motsawa tsawon awanni 6-10, a sanyaya maganin sannan a zuba shi a cikin ruwan iska ta bushe a zafin jiki na ɗaki, Za a iya ƙirƙirar fim ɗin siriri mai kusan 0.15 mm.
Thearin ZrP-OH ya rage tasirin zafin jiki na farko na PVA, kuma a lokaci guda yana taimakawa haɓaka haɓakar carbonization na kayayyakin lalacewar PVA. Wannan saboda lalacewar zrP-OH tana aiki azaman shafin yanar gizo na proton acid don inganta aikin sausayawar kungiyar PVA acid ta hanyar maganin Norrish II. Amfani da iskar da ke lalata abubuwa na PVA yana inganta haɓakar haɓakar haɓakar carbon Layer, don haka inganta haɓakar haɓakar harshen wuta na kayan haɗin.
3) Polyvinyl barasa (PVA) / oxidized sitaci / α-zirconium phosphate nanocomposite da rawar da yake takawa wajen inganta kayan aikin inji
Α-Zirconium phosphate an hada shi ta hanyar hanyar sol-gel reflux, wanda aka canza shi da kyau tare da n-butylamine, kuma OZrP da PVA sun hade don shirya PVA / α-ZrP nanocomposite. Ingantaccen inganta kayan aikin inji na kayan haɗin abubuwa. Lokacin da matattarar PVA ta ƙunshi kashi 0.8% ta hanyar yawan α-ZrP, ƙarfin ƙarfi da haɓakawa a lokacin fashewar kayan haɗin abubuwa yana ƙaruwa da 17. 3% da 26. Idan aka kwatanta da PVA mai tsabta, bi da bi. 6%. Wannan saboda α-ZrP hydroxyl na iya samar da haɗin hydrogen mai ƙarfi tare da sitaci molecular hydroxyl, wanda ke haifar da ingantattun kayan aikin inji. A lokaci guda, an inganta haɓakar zafin jiki sosai.
4) Polystyrene / Organic wanda aka gyara zirconium phosphate hadedde kayan da aikace-aikacen sa a cikin babban zafin jiki sarrafa nanocomposite kayan
α-Zirconium phosphate (α-ZrP) ana samun tallafi daga methylamine (MA) don samun maganin MA-ZrP, sannan an haɗa maganin p-chloromethyl styrene (DMA-CMS) cikin maganin MA-ZrP kuma an zuga shi a zazzabi na daki 2 d, an tace kayan, an wanke abubuwan masu karfi da ruwa mai narkewa don gano babu chlorine, kuma sun bushe a cikin yanayi a 80 ℃ na 24 h. A ƙarshe, an shirya haɗin haɗin ta hanyar polymerization mai yawa. A yayin yawan polymerization, wani ɓangare na styrene ya shiga tsakanin zirconium phosphate laminates, kuma a polymerization dauki faruwa. Stabilityarfin zafin jiki na samfurin ya inganta sosai, dacewa tare da jikin polymer ya fi kyau, kuma zai iya biyan buƙatun sarrafa zafin jiki mai yawa na kayan nanocomposite.
