Plastike ni ibikoresho bifite polymer ndende nkibice byingenzi. Igizwe na resinike yubukorikori hamwe nuwuzuza, plasitike, stabilisateur, amavuta, pigment nibindi byongerwaho. Ari mumazi mugihe cyo gukora no gutunganya kugirango byoroherezwe kwerekana, Itanga imiterere ihamye mugihe gutunganya birangiye.
Ibintu nyamukuru bigize plastike ni resinike. Ibisigarira byitirirwa lipide isohorwa ninyamaswa n'ibimera, nka rosine, shellac, nibindi. Ibisigarira bya sintetike (rimwe na rimwe byitwa "resin") bivuga polymers zitavanze ninyongeramusaruro zitandukanye. Ibisigarira bingana na 40% kugeza 100% byuburemere bwa plastiki. Ibintu byibanze bya plastiki bigenwa cyane cyane nimiterere ya resin, ariko inyongeramusaruro nazo zigira uruhare runini.
Kuki plastiki igomba guhinduka?
Ibyo bita "guhindura plastike" bivuga uburyo bwo guhindura imikorere yumwimerere no kunoza ikintu kimwe cyangwa byinshi wongeyeho kimwe cyangwa byinshi mubindi bikoresho bya plastiki, bityo ukagera ku ntego yo kwagura ibikorwa byayo. Ibikoresho bya pulasitike byahinduwe byitwa "plastiki yahinduwe".
Kugeza ubu, ubushakashatsi n’iterambere ry’inganda z’imiti ya plastiki byahujije ibikoresho ibihumbi bya polymer, muri byo birenga 100 gusa bifite agaciro mu nganda. Kurenga 90% byibikoresho bya resin bikunze gukoreshwa muri plastiki byibanda mubisigazwa bitanu rusange (PE, PP, PVC, PS, ABS) Kugeza ubu, biragoye cyane gukomeza guhuza umubare munini wibikoresho bishya bya polymer, aribyo ntabwo ari ubukungu cyangwa ibintu bifatika.
Kubwibyo, ubushakashatsi bwimbitse bwerekana isano iri hagati yimiterere ya polymer, imiterere nimikorere, no guhindura plastiki zihari hashingiwe kuri ibyo, kugirango habeho ibikoresho bishya bya pulasitiki, byabaye bumwe muburyo bwiza bwo guteza imbere inganda za plastiki. Inganda za plastiki zishingiye ku mibonano mpuzabitsina nazo zageze ku iterambere ryinshi mu myaka yashize.
Guhindura plastike bivuga guhindura imiterere yibikoresho bya pulasitike mu cyerekezo gitegerejwe nabantu binyuze mumubiri, imiti cyangwa uburyo bwombi, cyangwa kugabanya cyane ibiciro, cyangwa kunoza imitungo runaka, cyangwa gutanga plastike Imikorere mishya yibikoresho. Igikorwa cyo guhindura gishobora kubaho mugihe cya polymerizasique ya resinike ya sintetike, ni ukuvuga guhindura imiti, nka copolymerisation, gushushanya, guhuza, nibindi, birashobora kandi gukorwa mugihe cyo gutunganya resinike ya sintetike, ni ukuvuga guhindura umubiri, nka kuzuza, gufatanya, kuvanga, kuzamura, nibindi.
Nubuhe buryo bwo guhindura plastike?
1. Kuzuza impinduka (kuzuza amabuye y'agaciro)
Iyo wongeyeho ifu ya organic organique (organic) ifu ya plastiki isanzwe, ubukana, ubukana nubushyuhe bwibikoresho bya plastiki birashobora kunozwa. Hariho ubwoko bwinshi bwuzuza kandi imitungo yabo iragoye cyane.
Uruhare rwuzuza plastike: kunoza imikorere yo gutunganya plastike, kunoza imiterere yumubiri nubumara, kongera ingano, no kugabanya ibiciro.
Ibisabwa ku nyongeramusaruro:
(1) Ibikoresho bya chimique ntibikora, inert, kandi ntibitwara nabi hamwe na resin nibindi byongeweho;
(2) Ntabwo bigira ingaruka ku kurwanya amazi, kurwanya imiti, kurwanya ikirere, kurwanya ubushyuhe, nibindi bya plastiki;
(3) Ntabwo igabanya imiterere yumubiri ya plastiki;
(4) Irashobora kuzuzwa ku bwinshi;
(5) Ubucucike bugereranije ni buto kandi bugira ingaruka nke kubucucike bwibicuruzwa.
2. Guhindura uburyo bwiza (fibre fibre / fibre karubone)
Ingamba zo gushimangira: mukongeramo ibikoresho bya fibrous nka fibre fibre na fibre karubone.
Ingaruka zo kongera imbaraga: irashobora kunoza cyane ubukana, imbaraga, ubukana, hamwe nubushyuhe bwibintu,
Ingaruka mbi zo guhindura: Ariko ibikoresho byinshi bizatera ubuso bubi no kurambura hasi kuruhuka.
Ihame ryo kuzamura:
(1) Ibikoresho bishimangiwe bifite imbaraga nyinshi na modulus;
(2) Resin ifite ibintu byinshi byihariye byumubiri nubumara (birwanya ruswa, irwanya, irwanya imirasire, ako kanya ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwo gukuraho ubushyuhe, nibindi) hamwe nuburyo bwo gutunganya;
(3) Iyo resin imaze kwongerwaho nibikoresho byongera imbaraga, ibikoresho byongera imbaraga birashobora kunoza imashini cyangwa indi miterere ya resin, kandi resin irashobora kugira uruhare rwo guhuza no kwimura imitwaro kubikoresho bishimangira, kugirango plastike ishimangiwe ifite ibintu byiza cyane.
3. Guhindura bikomeye
Ibikoresho byinshi ntabwo bikomeye bihagije kandi byoroshye. Mugushyiramo ibikoresho bifite ubukana bwiza cyangwa ultrafine ibikoresho bidakoreshwa, ubukana nubushyuhe buke bwibikoresho bishobora kwiyongera.
Umukozi ukomeye: Kugirango ugabanye ubukana bwa plastiki nyuma yo gukomera, no kunoza imbaraga zayo no kuramba, inyongeramusaruro yongewe kumurongo.
Bikunze gukoreshwa muburyo bukomeye cyane cyane anhydride yumugabo woguhuza:
Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA)
Polyolefin elastomer (POE)
Chlorine Polyethylene (CPE)
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS)
Styrene-butadiene thermoplastique elastomer (SBS)
EPDM (EPDM)
4. Guhindura flame retardant (halogen-flame retardant)
Mu nganda nyinshi nkibikoresho bya elegitoroniki n’imodoka, ibikoresho birasabwa kugira umuriro udahagije, ariko ibikoresho byinshi bya pulasitiki bifite plastike nkeya. Kunoza flame retardancy birashobora kugerwaho wongeyeho flame retardants.
Flame retardants: izwi kandi nka flame retardants, izimya umuriro cyangwa izimya umuriro, inyongeramusaruro ikora itanga umuriro mubi kuri polymers yaka umuriro; inyinshi murizo ni VA (fosifore), VIIA (bromine, chlorine) hamwe nuburinganire bwa ofA (antimoni, aluminium).
Ibibyimba bya Molybdenum, amabati, hamwe nibyuma hamwe ningaruka zo guhagarika umwotsi nabyo biri mubyiciro byo kwirinda umuriro. Zikoreshwa cyane cyane muri plastiki zifite flame retardant ibisabwa kugirango itinde cyangwa irinde gutwika plastike, cyane cyane plastiki ya polymer. Kora igihe kirekire cyo gutwika, kuzimya, kandi bigoye gutwika.
Icyiciro cya plastike flame retardant: kuva HB, V-2, V-1, V-0, 5VB kugeza 5VA intambwe ku yindi.
5. Guhindura ikirere (kurwanya gusaza, anti-ultraviolet, ubushyuhe buke)
Mubisanzwe bivuga ubukonje bwa plastike mubushyuhe buke. Bitewe n'ubushyuhe buke buri hagati ya plastike, plastiki ziba nkeya kubushyuhe buke. Kubwibyo, ibicuruzwa byinshi bya pulasitiki bikoreshwa mubushyuhe buke birasabwa kugira ubukonje bukabije.
Kurwanya ikirere: bivuga urukurikirane rw'ibintu bishaje nko kuzimangana, guhindura ibara, guturika, gutobora, no kugabanya imbaraga z'ibicuruzwa bya pulasitiki bitewe n'ingaruka z'imiterere yo hanze nk'izuba, izuba ry'ubushyuhe, umuyaga n'imvura. Imirasire ya Ultraviolet nikintu cyingenzi mugutezimbere gusaza.
6. Amavuta yahinduwe
Amashanyarazi ya plastike ni ugukoresha uburyo bwo kuvanga umubiri cyangwa gushushanya imiti hamwe nuburyo bwa copolymerisation kugirango utegure ibikoresho bibiri cyangwa byinshi muburyo bukomeye, bukora, kandi bwihariye ibikoresho bishya kugirango tunoze imikorere yikintu kimwe cyangwa byombi Intego yibintu bifatika. Irashobora kunoza cyangwa kuzamura imikorere ya plastiki ihari no kugabanya ibiciro.
Amavuta rusange ya plastike: nka PVC, PE, PP, PS ikoreshwa cyane, kandi tekinoroji yo kubyaza umusaruro yaramenyerewe muri rusange.
Ibikoresho bya pulasitiki yububiko: bivanga kuvanga plastike yubuhanga (resin), cyane cyane harimo sisitemu yo kuvanga PC, PBT, PA, POM (polyoxymethylene), PPO, PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) nibindi bikoresho bya plastiki nkumubiri nyamukuru, na ABS resin ibikoresho byahinduwe.
Iterambere ryubwiyongere bwa PC / ABS alloy ikoreshwa riri imbere yumurima wa plastiki. Kugeza ubu, ubushakashatsi bwa PC / ABS buvanze bwahindutse ahantu h’ubushakashatsi bwa polymer alloys.
7. Zirconium fosifate yahinduwe
1) Gutegura polypropilene PP / organic organic zirconium phosphate OZrP ikomatanya hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kuvanga no kuyikoresha muri plastiki yubuhanga
Ubwa mbere, octadecyl dimethyl tertiary amine (DMA) isubizwa hamwe na fosifate ya α-zirconium kugirango ibone fosifate ya zirconium yahinduwe (OZrP), hanyuma OZrP ishonga ivanze na polypropilene (PP) kugirango itegure ibice bya PP / OZrP. Iyo OZrP ifite igice kinini cya 3% hiyongereyeho, imbaraga zingana, imbaraga zingaruka, nimbaraga za flexural ya PP / OZrP ishobora kwiyongeraho 18. 2%, 62. 5%, na 11. 3%, uko bikurikirana, ugereranije nibikoresho bya PP byera. Ubushyuhe bwumuriro nabwo bwateye imbere cyane. Ni ukubera ko impera imwe ya DMA ikorana ningingo zidafite umubiri kugirango zibe umurunga wa shimi, naho urundi ruhande rwumunyururu muremure rufatanije numubiri wa PP molekulari kugirango wongere imbaraga zingirakamaro za compte. Imbaraga zongerewe imbaraga hamwe nubushyuhe bwumuriro biterwa na zirconium fosifate itera PP kubyara β kristu. Icya kabiri, imikoranire hagati ya PP yahinduwe na zirconium fosifate yongerera intera iri hagati ya zirconium fosifate no gutatana neza, bigatuma imbaraga zunama ziyongera. Iri koranabuhanga rifasha kunoza imikorere ya plastiki yubuhanga.
2) Inzoga ya Polyvinyl / α-zirconium fosifate nanocomposite no kuyikoresha mubikoresho bya flame retardant
Inzoga ya polyvinyl / α-zirconium fosifate nanocomposite irashobora gukoreshwa cyane mugutegura ibikoresho bya flame retardant. inzira ni:
① Ubwa mbere, uburyo bwo guhinduka bukoreshwa mugutegura α-zirconium fosifate.
② Ukurikije igipimo gikomeye cyamazi ya 100 mL / g, fata ifu ya α-zirconium ya fosifate yuzuye hanyuma uyisakaze mumazi ya deionion, ongeramo igisubizo cyamazi ya Ethylamine gitonyanga munsi ya magnetiki ikurura ubushyuhe bwicyumba, hanyuma wongereho diethanolamine yuzuye, hanyuma uvure ultrasonique kugirango utegure ZrP -OH igisubizo cyamazi.
IssGabanya umubare munini wa alcool ya polyvinyl (PVA) mumazi 90 ℃ deionised kugirango ukore igisubizo cya 5%, ongeramo umuti wamazi wa ZrP-OH, komeza ubyuke mumasaha 6-10, ukonje igisubizo hanyuma ubisuke mubibumbano kugeza umwuka wumye mubushyuhe bwicyumba, Hashobora gukorwa firime yoroheje ya mm 0,15.
Kwiyongera kwa ZrP-OH bigabanya cyane ubushyuhe bwambere bwo kwangirika kwa PVA, kandi mugihe kimwe bifasha kuzamura imyuka ya karubone yibicuruzwa byangirika bya PVA. Ni ukubera ko polyanion yabyaye mugihe cyo kwangirika kwa ZrP-OH ikora nka site ya aside proton kugirango iteze imbere gukata kwitsinda rya aside ya PVA binyuze muri Norrish II. Imyitwarire ya karubone yibicuruzwa byangirika bya PVA itezimbere okiside ya okiside yumurongo wa karubone, bityo igateza imbere imikorere yumuriro wibikoresho.
3) Inzoga ya polyvinyl (PVA) / okiside ya krahisi / α-zirconium fosifate nanocomposite n'uruhare rwayo mu kuzamura imiterere yubukanishi
Os-Zirconium fosifate yashizwemo nuburyo bwa sol-gel reflux, ihindurwa muburyo bwa n-butylamine, na OZrP na PVA byavanze kugirango bategure PVA / α-ZrP nanocomposite. Kunoza neza imiterere yubukanishi bwibikoresho. Iyo matrike ya PVA irimo 0.8% kubwinshi bwa α-ZrP, imbaraga zingana no kuramba mugihe cyo kumena ibikoresho byiyongereye byiyongereyeho 17. 3% na 26. Ugereranije na PVA yera. 6%. Ni ukubera ko hydroxyl α-ZrP ishobora kubyara hydrogène ikomeye hamwe na hydroxyl ya molekile ya krahisi, biganisha ku miterere yimashini. Mugihe kimwe, ituze ryumuriro naryo ryongerewe cyane.
4) Polystirene / organic yahinduwe zirconium fosifate yibikoresho hamwe no kuyikoresha mugutunganya ubushyuhe bwinshi ibikoresho bya nanocomposite
α-Zirconium fosifate (α-ZrP) ishyigikiwe mbere na methylamine (MA) kugirango ibone igisubizo cya MA-ZrP, hanyuma igisubizo cya p-chloromethyl styrene (DMA-CMS) cyongeweho igisubizo cya MA-ZrP hanyuma kigashyirwa kuri ubushyuhe bwicyumba 2 d, ibicuruzwa birayungurura, ibinini byogejwe namazi yatoboye kugirango hataboneka chlorine, hanyuma byumishwa muri vacuum kuri 80 ℃ kuri 24 h. Hanyuma, compteur yateguwe na polymerisation nyinshi. Mugihe kinini cya polymerizasiya, igice cya styrene cyinjira hagati ya zirconium fosifate laminates, hanyuma reaction ya polymerisation ikabaho. Ubushyuhe bwumuriro bwibicuruzwa byateye imbere cyane, guhuza umubiri wa polymer nibyiza, kandi birashobora kuzuza ibisabwa byo gutunganya ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwibikoresho bya nanocomposite.
