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Intee in le'eg ayaad ka ogtahay caagagga wax laga beddelay?

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Note: Waxay ku jirtaa xaalad dareeraha inta lagu jiro wax soo saarka iyo farsamaynta si loo fududeeyo moodeelka, Waxay soo bandhigaysaa qaab adag markii hawshu dhammaato.

Caaggu waa maaddo leh polymer sare oo ah qaybta ugu weyn. Waxay ka kooban tahay cusbi dardaro ka sameysan iyo buuxiyo, balaastikooyin, xasiliyayaal, saliidayaal, midabbo iyo waxyaabo kale oo lagu daro. Waxay ku jirtaa xaalad dareeraha inta lagu jiro wax soo saarka iyo farsamaynta si loo fududeeyo moodeelka, Waxay soo bandhigaysaa qaab adag markii hawshu dhammaato.

Qeybta ugu weyn ee balaastigga waa cusbi dardaro ah. Muusikada asal ahaan waxaa loogu magac daray dufanka ay xayawaanku iyo dhirta ka soo baxaan, sida rosin, shellac, iwm. Resins synthetic (mararka qaar si fudud loogu yaqaan "resins") waxaa loola jeedaa polymer-ka oo aan lagu darin waxyaabo kala duwan. Cusbigu wuxuu qiyaastii yahay 40% ilaa 100% miisaanka guud ee caagga ah. Waxyaabaha aasaasiga ah ee balaastikada ah waxaa badanaa lagu go'aamiyaa astaamaha miraha, laakiin wax lagu daro ayaa sidoo kale door muhiim ah ka ciyaara.



Maxay tahay sababta loo beddelay caaggu?

Waxa loogu yeero "wax ka beddelka caagga ah" waxaa loola jeedaa habka lagu beddelayo waxqabadkeedii hore iyo hagaajinta mid ama in ka badan dhinacyo iyadoo lagu darayo hal ama in ka badan oo walxo ah cusbada caagga ah, taas oo lagu gaarayo ujeeddada ballaarinta baaxadda dalabkeeda. Qalabka balaastigga ah ee wax laga beddelay ayaa si wada jir ah loogu yaqaan "caagagga wax laga beddelay".

Illaa iyo hadda, cilmi-baarista iyo horumarinta warshadaha kiimikada caagagga ah waxay soo saartay kumanaan qalab polymer ah, kuwaas oo keliya in ka badan 100 ay yihiin qiimaha warshadaha. In kabadan 90% maaddada xasaasiga ah ee inta badan loo isticmaalo caagagga ayaa ku urursan shanta maaddooyinka guud (PE, PP, PVC, PS, ABS) Waqtigan xaadirka ah, aad ayey u adag tahay in la sii wado soo saarista tiro badan oo ah qalabka polymerka cusub. dhaqaale ahaan iyo waaqici midna.

Sidaa darteed, daraasad qoto dheer oo ku saabsan xiriirka ka dhexeeya halabuurka polymer, qaabdhismeedka iyo waxqabadka, iyo wax ka beddelka caagagga hadda jira asal ahaan, si loo soo saaro agabyo cusub oo ku habboon oo cusub, ayaa noqotay mid ka mid ah hababka wax ku oolka ah ee lagu horumarin karo warshadaha caagagga. Warshadaha caagagga galmada waxay sidoo kale gaareen horumar la taaban karo sanadihii la soo dhaafay.

Wax ka beddelka balaastigga waxaa loola jeedaa in lagu beddelo astaamaha agabyada caagga ah jihada ay dadku ka filayaan iyadoo loo marayo qaab jireed, kiimiko ama labadaba, ama in si weyn loo yareeyo kharashka, ama loo hagaajiyo guryaha qaarkood, ama in la siiyo caagagga shaqooyin cusub oo qalabka ah. Nidaamka wax ka beddelka ayaa dhici kara inta lagu gudajiro polymerization-ka xarkaha dardaaranka, taas oo ah, wax ka beddelka kiimikada, sida copolymerization, grafting, crosslinking, iwm. buuxin, wada-qasid, xoojin, iwm.

Waa maxay qaababka wax looga beddelayo caaggu?

1. Wax ka beddelka buuxinta (buuxinta macdanta)

Ku darista macdanta dabiiciga ah (organic) budada caaga caadiga ah, adkaanta, adkaanta iyo kuleylka u adkeysiga waxyaabaha caaga ah waa la horumarin karaa. Waxaa jira noocyo badan oo fillers ah oo hantidoodu aad iyo aad u adag tahay.

Doorka buuxiyeyaasha caagga ah: hagaajinta waxqabadka wax soo saarka balaastigga, hagaajinta sifooyinka jirka iyo kiimikada, kordhinta mugga, iyo yareynta kharashyada.

Shuruudaha loogu daro waxyaabaha balaastigga ah:

(1) Waxyaabaha kiimikada ahi waa kuwo aan firfircooneyn, aan firfircooneyn, oo aan si xun uga falcelin cusbada iyo waxyaabaha kale ee lagu daro;

(2) Wax saameyn ah kuma yeelan caabbinta biyaha, iska caabbinta kiimikada, iska caabbinta cimilada, u adkeysiga kuleylka, iwm ee balaastigga;

(3) Ma yareynayo sifooyinka jirka ee balaastigga;

(4) Waxaa lagu buuxin karaa tiro badan;

(5) Cufnaanta qaraabada ayaa yar oo saameyn yar ku leh cufnaanta sheyga.

2. Wax-ka-beddelka kor loo qaaday (fiber galab / fiber carbon)

Tallaabooyinka dib-u-xoojinta: adoo ku daraya maaddooyinka buurnaanta leh sida fiber fiber iyo carbon fiber.

Saamaynta Kobcinta: waxay si weyn u wanaajin kartaa adkaanta, xoogga, adkaanta, iyo kuleylka u adkaysiga maaddada,

Saamaynta xun ee wax ka beddelka: Laakiin qalab badan ayaa sababi doona dusha sare iyo dhererka hoose ee nasashada.

Mabda'a Kobcinta

(1) Maaddooyinka la xoojiyay waxay leeyihiin awood sare iyo qaab-dhismeed;

(2) Resin wuxuu leeyahay jireed iyo kiimiko badan oo dabiici ah (caabbida dahaadhka, dahaadhka, iska caabinta shucaaca, iska caabinta heerkulka degdega ah ee degdega ah, iwm.) Iyo sifooyinka wax lagu farsameeyo;

(3) Ka dib marka la cusbooneysiiyo walxaha wax xoojinaya, maaddada xoojineysa waxay hagaajin kartaa farsamada ama astaamaha kale ee xarkaha, iyo xarkaha wuxuu ciyaari karaa doorka isku xirnaanta iyo u wareejinta culeyska qalabka xoojinta, sidaas darteed balaastigga la xoojiyay wuxuu leeyahay guryaha fiican.

3. Adkaynta wax ka beddelka

Agab badan ma aha kuwo adag oo aad u jajaban. Adoo ku daraya walxaha adayga wanaagsan ama qalabka nafsaaniga ah ee ultrafine, adkaanta iyo waxqabadka heerkulka hooseeya ee qalabka waa la kordhin karaa.

Wakiilka Adkaynta: Si loo yareeyo jilicsanaanta caagga ka dib markii la adkaaday, oo la hagaajiyo xooggiisa iyo dheereynta, wax lagu daray oo lagu daro xarkaha.

Caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo wakiijinta qallajinta - badanaa isdifaacaha malawadka anhydride labka ah:

Daawada 'Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer' (EVA)

Elastomer Polyolefin (POE)

Polyetylenka loo yaqaan 'Chlorinated Polyethylene' (CPE)

Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS)

Styrene-butadiene elastomer heerkulbeegga (SBS)

EPDM (EPDM)

4. Wax ka beddelka ololka (ololka halogeen la'aantiisa)

Warshado badan sida qalabka elektarooniga ah iyo gawaarida, qalabka waxaa looga baahan yahay inuu lahaado daahitaan olol, laakiin alaabooyin badan oo caag ah ayaa leh dib u dhac olol. Daahida ololka oo la hagaajiyo waxaa lagu gaari karaa iyadoo lagu daro daahyada ololka.

Dib-u-habeyaasha ololka: waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaannaa kuwa ololka, kuwa dab-demiska ama kuwa dab-demiska ah, lagu daro waxyaabo shaqeynaya oo keena cillad olol leh polymer ololaya; badankoodu waa VA (fosfooraska), VIIA (bromine, chlorine) iyo iskudhafyada ⅢA (antimony, aluminium).

Xayndaabyada Molybdenum, xeryahooda daasadaha, iyo iskudhisyada birta ee qiiqa joojiya ayaa sidoo kale ka tirsan qaybta dib u habeynta ololka. Waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa balaastikada oo leh shuruudo dib u dhiga ololka si dib loogu dhigo ama looga hortago gubashada caagagga, gaar ahaan polymer plastics. Ku sii dheeree dabka, is-bakhtiiye, iyo dhib in la shido.

Fasalka ololka caagga ah: laga bilaabo HB, V-2, V-1, V-0, 5VB illaa 5VA talaabo talaabo ah.

5. Wax ka beddelka cimilada (anti-gabowga, anti-ultraviolet, iska caabinta heerkulka hoose)

Guud ahaan waxaa loola jeedaa iska caabinta qabow ee balaastigga ee heerkulka hooseeya. Sababtoo ah jilicsanaanta heerkulka hoose ee caagagga ah, caagagga ayaa ku jajabaya heerkulka hooseeya. Sidaa darteed, badeecooyin badan oo caag ah oo loo isticmaalo bey'adaha heerkulka hooseeya ayaa guud ahaan looga baahan yahay inay yeeshaan iska caabin qabow.

Cimilada iska caabinta: waxaa loola jeedaa dhacdooyin taxane ah oo gabow ah sida hoos u dhaca, midabburka, dildilaaca, jajabka, iyo hoos u dhigidda awoodda alaabada caagga ah iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay saameynta xaaladaha dibadda sida qorraxda, isbeddelka heerkulka, dabaysha iyo roobka. Shucaaca Ultraviolet waa qodob muhiim u ah dhiirrigelinta gabowga caagga ah.

6. Daawaha wax laga beddelay

Daawada balaastigga ah waa adeegsiga isku-darka jirka ama isku-dhafka kiimikada iyo qaababka wada-shaqeynta si loogu diyaariyo laba ama in ka badan oo ah waxqabad sare, shaqeynaya, iyo qalab gaar ah oo cusub si loo hagaajiyo waxqabadka hal shey ama ay leeyihiin labadaba Ujeeddada waxyaabaha maadiga ah. Waxay hagaajin kartaa ama kor u qaadi kartaa waxqabadka caagagga jira waxayna yareyn kartaa kharashyada.

Daawooyinka guud ee balaastigga ah: sida PVC, PE, PP, alloysyada loo yaqaan 'PS alloys' ayaa si ballaaran loo adeegsadaa, iyo tiknoolajiyada wax soo saarka guud ahaan waa la bartay.

Isku-darka caaga ah ee injineernimada: waxaa loola jeedaa isku-darka caagagga injineernimada (cusbi), inta badan oo ay ku jiraan nidaamka isku-darka PC, PBT, PA, POM (polyoxymethylene), PPO, PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) iyo caagagga kale ee injineernimada sida jirka ugu weyn, iyo cusbada ABS qalabka wax laga beddelay.

Qiyaasta koritaanka ee isticmaalka dawalada PC / ABS waxay ku jirtaa safka hore ee caaga balaastikada. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, cilmi baarista isku dhafka PC / ABS waxay noqotay goob cilmi baaris ah oo ka kooban polymer alloys.

7. Zirconium phosphate oo wax laga beddelay caag

1) Diyaarinta polypropylene PP / zirconium phosphor OZrP isku dhafan oo dabiici ah oo isku dhafan habka isku dhafka dhalaalaya iyo codsigiisa caagagga injineernimada

Marka hore, octadecyl dimethyl amine (DMA) waxaa lagu falceliyey α-zirconium phosphate si loo helo jir ahaan loo beddelay zirconium phosphate (OZrP), ka dibna OZrP waa la dhalaalay oo lagu qasan yahay polypropylene (PP) si loo diyaariyo iskudhafyada PP / OZrP. Marka OZrP oo leh jajab tiro ah 3% lagu daro, xoogga isugeynta, xoogga saameynta, iyo awooda isdabajoogga ee isku dhafka PP / OZrP waxaa lagu kordhin karaa 18. 2%, 62. 5%, iyo 11. 3%, siday u kala horreeyaan, marka la barbar dhigo waxyaabaha PP saafi ah. Xasiloonida kuleylka sidoo kale si weyn ayaa loo hagaajiyay. Tani waa sababta oo ah dhamaadka DMA waxay la falgashaa walxaha aan dabiici ahayn si ay u samayso isku xirnaanta kiimikada, iyo dhamaadka kale ee silsiladda dheer ayaa si muuqata jidh ahaan loogu xirayaa silsiladda molikaliska PP si loo kordhiyo xoogga jiidaha ee isku dhafka. Awoodda saameynta soo hagaagtay iyo xasilloonida kuleylka waxaa sabab u ah zirconium fosfateedka sababa PP si loo soo saaro β kiristaalo Marka labaad, isdhexgalka ka dhexeeya PP wax laga beddelay iyo lakabyada loo yaqaan 'zirconium phosphate layers' wuxuu kordhiyaa masaafada u dhexeysa lakabyada loo yaqaan 'zirconium phosphate layers' iyo 'kala firdhinta wanaagsan', taasoo keenta xoog foorarsi oo kordha. Tiknoolajiyaddani waxay gacan ka geysaneysaa hagaajinta waxqabadka caagagga injineernimada.

2) Polyvinyl aalkolo / α-zirconium phosphate nanocomposite iyo ku isticmaalkeeda walxaha ololka celiya

Polyvinyl aalkolo / α-zirconium fosfat nanocomposites waxaa badanaa loo isticmaali karaa diyaarinta qalabka ololka celiya. jidku waa:

Marka hore, habka reflux waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu diyaariyo α-zirconium phosphate.

OrdingSida ay tahay saamiga-adag ee dareeraha ah ee 100 mL / g, qaado budada α-zirconium fosfate budada ah kuna kala firdhiso biyo xaddidan, ku dar xalka ethylamine aquous dropwise hoos magnetic ku walaaqaya heerkulka qolka, ka dibna ku dar diithanolamine tiro leh, oo ugu dambayn si dabiici ah loo daaweeyo si loogu diyaariyo ZrP -OH xalka aqueous.

Iss Ku milan qadar cayiman aalkolada polyvinyl (PVA) 90 water biyo go'an si loo sameeyo 5% xal, ku dar xaddiga aquous ZrP-OH, sii wad walaaq ilaa 6-10 saacadood, qabooji xalka kuna shub caaryada si hawo qalalan heerkulka qolka, Filim dhuuban oo qiyaastii ah 0.15 mm ayaa la sameyn karaa.

Ku darista ZrP-OH waxay si weyn hoos ugu dhigeysaa heerkulka nabaad-guurka bilowga ah ee PVA, isla mar ahaantaana waxay gacan ka geysaneysaa kor u qaadista falcelinta kaarboonka jirka ee alaabada nabaad-guurka PVA. Tani waa sababta oo ah polyanion-ka la soo saaray intii lagu jiray nabaad-guurka ZrP-OH wuxuu u dhaqmaa sidii goob borotiin ah oo loo yaqaan 'proton acid' si kor loogu qaado fal-celinta xiirashada ee kooxda acid PVA iyada oo loo marayo fal-celinta Norrish II. Falcelinta kaarboonaynta jirka ee alaabada nabaad-guurka ah ee PVA waxay hagaajineysaa u adkeysiga qiijiyeynta ee lakabka kaarboonka, taasoo markaa hagaajineysa waxqabadka ololka ee waxyaabaha isku dhafan.

3) Khamriga Polyvinyl (PVA) / istarooji oksijiin / α-zirconium fosfat nanocomposite iyo doorkiisa hagaajinta guryaha

Α-Zirconium phosphate waxaa lagu soo saaray habka sol-gel reflux, oo qaab ahaan wax looga beddelay n-butylamine, iyo OZrP iyo PVA ayaa la isku daray si loo diyaariyo PVA / α-ZrP nanocomposite. Si wax ku ool ah loo hagaajiyo sifooyinka farsamada ee walxaha isku dhafan. Marka shaxda PVA ay ka kooban tahay 0.8% iyadoo lagu qiyaaso of-ZrP, xoogga siligga iyo dheereynta jabinta walxaha isku dhafan ayaa lagu kordhiyaa 17. 3% iyo 26. Marka la barbardhigo PVA saafi ah, siday u kala horreeyaan. 6%. Tani waa sababta oo ah α-ZrP hydroxyl waxay soo saari kartaa isku xirnaan xoog leh oo haydarojiin leh hydroxyl istaariji ah, taas oo horseedda hagaajinta aaladaha farsamada. Isla mar ahaantaana, xasilloonida kuleylka ayaa sidoo kale si weyn kor loogu qaaday.

4) Polystyrene / dabiici ah oo wax laga beddelay zirconium fosfateerka wax ka kooban iyo codsigiisa ku jira qalabka nanocomposite ee heerkulka sarreeya.

α-Zirconium phosphate (α-ZrP) waxaa horay u taageeray methylamine (MA) si loo helo xalka MA-ZrP, ka dibna xalka isku dhafan ee p-chloromethyl styrene (DMA-CMS) ayaa lagu darayaa xalka MA-ZrP waxaana lagu kiciyay heerkulka qolka 2 d, badeecada waa la sifeeyaa, cunnooyinka adag waxaa lagu dhaqaa biyo la sifeeyey si loo ogaado in aan lahayn koloriin, waxaana lagu qalajiyey faakiumka 80 ℃ 24 saac. Ugu dambeyntiina, isku-darka waxaa lagu diyaariyey isku-buufinta bulk. Inta lagu jiro polymerization-ka weyn, qayb ka mid ah styrene wuxuu galaa inta udhaxeysa laydhadhka loo yaqaan 'zirconium fosfate laminates', falcelin polymerisation ahna wey dhacdaa. Xasiloonida kuleylka ee sheyga ayaa si weyn loo hagaajiyay, iswaafajinta jirka polymer ayaa ka fiican, waxayna la kulmi kartaa shuruudaha kuleylka heerkulka sare ee qalabka nanocomposite.

 
 
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