Ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka, iVietnam "ayikwazi ukulinda" ukumemezela ukusebenza kwayo kwezomnotho ngonyaka odlule. Izinga lokukhula kwe-GDP elingu-7.02%, izinga lokukhula lokukhiqiza elingu-11.29% ... Uma ubheka imininingwane, ungawuzwa amandla amakhulu aleli lizwe eliseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia.
Izitshalo eziningi zokukhiqiza, ukufakwa kwamagama amakhulu amakhulu, kanye nezinqubomgomo ezisebenzayo zokukhuthaza ukutshalwa kwezimali kukahulumeni waseVietnam, kancane kancane zenze iVietnam yaba "yifektri yomhlaba" kanye nemboni yokulungisa amapulasitiki namaketanga ahlobene. Isisekelo esisha.
Utshalomali olusebenzayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kuqhuba ukukhula kwamadijithi amabili embonini yamaplastiki
Ngokwemininingwane ekhishwe phambilini yi-Vietnam General Administration of Statistics, ukukhula kwe-GDP yaseVietnam ngo-2019 kufinyelele ku-7.02%, okwedlula ama-7% onyakeni wesibili olandelanayo. Phakathi kwazo, izinga lokukhula kokucubungula nokukhiqiza liholele izimboni ezinkulu, ngezinga lokukhula lonyaka eli-11.29%. Iziphathimandla zaseVietnam zathi izinga lokukhula komkhakha wokucubungula nokukhiqiza lizofinyelela ku-12% ngo-2020.
Mayelana nokungeniswa nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, ukungeniswa okuphelele kanye nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe eVietnam kulo nyaka kudlule uphawu lwemali eyizigidigidi ezingama-500 zamaRandi aseMelika okokuqala ngqa, kwafinyelela kumaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-517, okuthe ukuthunyelwa kwawo kwaba ngamadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-263,45 zamadola aseMelika, kufinyelela kwinsalela yamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-9,94 zamadola aseMelika. Inhloso yaseVietnam ye-2020 ukufinyelela ama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-300 e-US emazweni aphelele.
Izidingo zasekhaya nazo zinamandla kakhulu, lapho ukuthengiswa okuphelele kwezimpahla zabathengi kukhuphuke ngo-11.8%, okuyizinga eliphakeme kakhulu phakathi kuka-2016 no-2019. Mayelana nokuheha utshalomali lwangaphandle, iVietnam yakhanga ama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-38 zamadolobha angaphandle unyaka wonke, izinga eliphakeme kakhulu eminyakeni eyi-10. Ukusetshenziswa kwangempela kwemali yakwamanye amazwe kwakuyizigidigidi ezingama-20.38 zamadola aseMelika, irekhodi.
Yonke imikhakha yempilo ikhipha umoya onempilo, ohambisana nezinzuzo zabasebenzi bendawo abaphansi, umhlaba nentela, nezinzuzo zamachweba, kanye nenqubomgomo yokuvulwa kweVietnam (iVietnam namanye amazwe kanye nezifunda zisayine izivumelwano zokuhweba zamahhala ezingaphezu kweshumi nambili. ). Lezi zimo zenze iVietnam Yibe ucezu "lwamazambane obumnandi" emakethe yaseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia.
Abatshalizimali abaningi bakwamanye amazwe bazogxila eVietnam, okuyindawo eshisayo yokutshala imali. Izizwe ezinkulu ezifana noNike, Adidas, Foxconn, Samsung, Canon, LG, neSony zingene kuleli.
Ukutshalwa kwemali okusebenzayo kanye nemakethe yabathengi kuqhube ukuthuthukiswa okunamandla kwezimboni ezahlukahlukene zokukhiqiza. Phakathi kwabo, ukusebenza komkhakha wokucubungula nokukhiqiza epulasitiki kuvelele kakhulu. Eminyakeni eyi-10 eyedlule, isilinganiso esikhulayo sonyaka somkhakha wamaplastiki waseVietnam sihlale cishe ku-10-15%.
Ukufuna okukhulu kokufakwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa nemishini yobuchwepheshe
Imboni yokukhiqiza ekhulayo yaseVietnam iqhube isidingo esikhulu sezinto zokwenziwa kwepulasitiki, kepha ukufunwa kwempahla eluhlaza yaseVietnam kunqunyelwe, ngakho-ke kuncike kakhulu ekungenisweni kwempahla. Ngokusho kwe-Vietnam Plastics Association (i-Vietnam Plastics Association), imboni yeplastikhi yakuleli idinga isilinganiso semikhiqizo eluhlaza engaba yizigidi ezi-2 kuya kweziyi-2,5 ngonyaka, kepha ama-75% kuya ku-80% wezinto zokusetshenziswa ancike ekuthengisweni kwempahla.
Mayelana nemishini yezobuchwepheshe, njengoba izinkampani eziningi zepulasitiki zasendaweni eVietnam zingamabhizinisi amancane naphakathi, nazo zithembele kakhulu ekungenisweni kwezinto ngobuchwepheshe nemishini. Ngakho-ke, kunesidingo esikhulu semakethe sokufakwa kwemishini yobuchwepheshe.
Izinkampani eziningi zemishini nemishini, njengabakhiqizi bemishini yama-plastic baseChina njenge Haitian, Yizumi, Bochuang, Jinwei, njll., basethe ngokulandelana ukusetha izisekelo zokukhiqiza, izindawo zokugcina izimpahla, izinkampani ezingaphansi, kanye nezindawo zokuthengisa ngemuva kokuthengisa endaweni yangakini, besizakala ngezindleko eziphansi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingahlangabezana nezidingo zemakethe yendawo eseduze.
Imboni yokupakisha epulasitiki izala amathuba amakhulu ebhizinisi
IVietnam inezinzuzo eziningi embonini yokupakisha epulasitiki, njengokubandakanyeka okuqinile kwemishini yangaphandle, imishini kanye nabahlinzeki bemikhiqizo. Ngasikhathi sinye, ngenxa yokwanda okuqhubekayo kokusetshenziswa komuntu ngamunye ngeplastiki eVietnam, imakethe yokupakisha epulasitiki yasekhaya nayo iyadingeka kakhulu.
Njengamanje, izinkampani ezivela eThailand, eSouth Korea naseJapan zenza i-90% yesabelo semakethe yokupakisha epulasitiki yaseVietnam. Banobuchwepheshe obuthuthukile, izindleko nezinzuzo zemakethe zokuthekelisa umkhiqizo. Mayelana nalokhu, izinkampani zokupakisha zaseChina zidinga ukuqonda ngokugcwele amathuba emakethe, zithuthukise ubuchwepheshe nekhwalithi, futhi zilwele ukuthola ingxenye yemakethe yokupakisha yaseVietnam.
Mayelana nokukhishwa komkhiqizo wokupakisha, i-United States neJapan zibalwa ngama-60% kanye ne-15% yokuthunyelwa kwepulasitiki yaseVietnam ngokulandelana. Ngakho-ke, ukungena emakethe yokupakisha yaseVietnam kusho ukuba nethuba lokungena ohlelweni lokuphakela izinto ezifana ne-United States neJapan.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkampani zasendaweni zaseVietnam azivuthwanga ngokwanele kubuchwepheshe bokupakisha ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ezikhulayo zabathengi, ngakho-ke kunesidingo esikhulu semakethe sokufakwa kobuchwepheshe bokupakisha. Isibonelo, abathengi baya ngokuya bakhetha ukukhetha ukupakisha kwekhwalithi ephezulu nokusebenziseka okuningi ukugcina ukudla, kepha yizinkampani ezimbalwa kuphela zendawo ezingenza lolu hlobo lwemikhiqizo yokupakisha.
Thatha ukupakisha ubisi njengesibonelo. Njengamanje, ihlinzekwa kakhulu yizinkampani zakwamanye amazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iVietnam nayo incike kakhulu ezinkampanini zakwamanye amazwe ekukhiqizeni izikhwama zamaphepha ze-PE ezingavunyelwe noma izikhwama ze-zipper. Lokhu konke kungumphumela wezinkampani zokupakisha zaseChina ukusika emakethe yepulasitiki yaseVietnam.
Ngasikhathi sinye, ukufunwa kwepulasitiki kwe-EU neJapan kusesephezulu, futhi amakhasimende aya ngokuya akhetha imikhiqizo yepulasitiki evela eVietnam. NgoJuni 2019, iVietnam kanye ne-EU basayine isivumelwano sokuhwebelana samahhala (i-EVFTA) samazwe amabili, okuvula indlela yokwehliswa kwamanani entengo angama-99% phakathi kwe-EU kanye namazwe aseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, okuzokwakha amathuba okukhuthaza ukuthunyelwa kokufakwa kwepulasitiki emakethe yaseYurophu.
Kuyafaneleka futhi ukusho ukuthi ngaphansi kwegagasi elisha lomnotho oyindilinga, ubuchwepheshe bokupakisha bokuhlaza okuzayo, ikakhulukazi okonga ugesi kanye nobuchwepheshe bokwehlisa ukungcola, buzoba ngokuthandwa kakhulu. Izinkampani zokupakisha zepulasitiki, leli yithuba elikhulu.
Ukulawulwa kwemfucuza kuba yimakethe esemqoka yentuthuko
IVietnam ikhiqiza cishe amathani ayizigidi eziyi-13 kadoti oqinile minyaka yonke, futhi ingelinye lamazwe amahlanu akhiqiza imfucumfucu eqinile. Ngokusho kwe-Vietnam Environmental Administration, inani likadoti oqinile kamasipala okhiqizwa ezweni landa ngo-10-16% minyaka yonke.
Njengoba iVietnam isheshisa inqubo yezimboni kanye nokufudukela emadolobheni, kuhambisana nokwakhiwa okungalungile nokuphathwa kwezindawo zokulahla imfucuza zaseVietnam, ukukhiqizwa kukadoti oqinile onobungozi kuyaqhubeka nokwanda. Njengamanje, cishe u-85% wemfucuza yaseVietnam ingcwatshwe ngqo ezindaweni zokulahla udoti ngaphandle kokwelashwa, ama-80% awo angahlanzekile futhi abangela ukungcoliswa kwemvelo. Ngakho-ke, iVietnam idinga ngokuphuthumayo ukuphathwa kwemfucuza. EVietnam, ukutshalwa kwezimali embonini yokuphathwa kwemfucuza kuyanda.
Ngakho-ke, yimaphi amathuba ebhizinisi okufunwa yimakethe yemboni yokuphathwa kwemfucuza yaseVietnam?
Okokuqala, kunesidingo sobuchwepheshe bokusebenzisa kabusha izinto. Iningi lezinkampani zasendaweni ezivuselela kabusha nezisetshenziswa kabusha eVietnam ngamabhizinisi omndeni noma amabhizinisi amancane anobuchwepheshe obungavuthiwe. Njengamanje, izinkampani eziningi eziphethwe nguhulumeni nazo zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bangaphandle, futhi yizinkampani ezinkulu ezimbalwa zamazwe amaningi ezinezinkampani ezingaphansi eVietnam ezinobuchwepheshe bazo. Iningi labathengisi bezobuchwepheshe bokulawulwa kwemfucuza livela eSingapore, eChina, e-United States kanye naseYurophu.
Ngasikhathi sinye, izinga lokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokusebenzisa kabusha eVietnam lisephansi, ikakhulu ligxile kwimikhiqizo yehardware. Kukhona indawo eningi yokuhlola emakethe yokurisayikilisha nokurisayikilisha yezinye izinhlobo zemikhiqizo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokwanda okuqhubekayo emisebenzini yezomnotho nokuvinjelwa kukadoti waseChina, iVietnam isibe ngomunye wabathengisi abane bakadoti abancane baseplastiki e-United States. Inani elikhulu likadoti wepulasitiki lidinga ukucutshungulwa, elidinga izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuphatha ezisebenzayo.
Ngokuphathelene nokuphathwa kwepulasitiki kadoti, ukuvuselelwa kabusha kuthathwa njengesidingo esiphuthumayo ekuphathweni kwemfucuza yaseVietnam futhi kuyindlela esebenzayo yokunciphisa imfucuza engena ezindaweni zokulahla ukungcola.
Uhulumeni waseVietnam futhi wamukela imisebenzi ehlukahlukene yebhizinisi lokuphathwa kwepulasitiki futhi ubamba iqhaza kuyo. Uhulumeni uzama ngenkuthalo izindlela ezahlukahlukene ezintsha zokuphathwa kwemfucumfucu eqinile, njengokukhuthaza ucwaningo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokusebenzisa amandla ukuze kusetshenziswe ngokuphelele imfucuza futhi kuyiguqule kube yizinsizakusebenza eziwusizo, okuqhubeka nokukhuthaza ubungqabavu bokulawulwa kwemfucuza futhi kudale amathuba amabhizinisi okutshalwa kwezimali kwangaphandle.
Uhulumeni waseVietnam futhi ukhuthaza ngenkuthalo izinqubomgomo zokuphathwa kwemfucuza. Isibonelo, ukwakhiwa kweQhinga Likazwelonke Lokuphathwa Kwemfucuza kuhlinzeka ngohlaka olunemininingwane ngokusungulwa komnotho oyindilinga. Inhloso ukufeza ukuqoqwa kukadoti okuphelele ngonyaka ka-2025. Lokhu kuzoletha ukuholwa kwenqubomgomo embonini yokuphinda kusetshenziswe futhi kuyiqhube. ukuthuthukiswa kwe.
Kuyafaneleka futhi ukusho ukuthi izinhlobo ezinkulu zamazwe omhlaba nazo zihlanganyele ukukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa komnotho oyindilinga eVietnam. Isibonelo, ngoJuni 2019, izinkampani ezaziwayo eziyisishiyagalolunye ezimbonini zezimpahla zabathengi kanye nezimboni zokupakisha zakha inhlangano yokuphinda isebenze kabusha (i-PRO Vietnam) eVietnam, ngenhloso yokukhuthaza umnotho oyindilinga nokwenza ngcono ukutholakala nokusimama kokuphinda kusetshenziswe kabusha.
Amalungu ayisishiyagalolunye asungula lo mfelandawonye yiCoca-Cola, FrieslandCampina, La Vie, Nestle, NutiFood, Suntory Pepsi, Tetra Pak, TH Group ne-URC. I-PRO Vietnam imaka okokuqala lapho lezi zinkampani zontanga zibambisene eVietnam futhi zisebenza ngokubambisana ukwenza ngcono imvelo eVietnam.
Inhlangano ikhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kabusha ngokusebenzisa izinyathelo ezine ezinkulu, njengokukhulisa ukuqwashisa kabusha, ukuthuthukisa uhlelo lokuqoqwa kwemfucuza, ukuxhasa amaphrojekthi okusebenzisa kabusha amaprosesa nabasebenza kabusha, nokusebenzisana nohulumeni ukukhuthaza imisebenzi yokuphinda isetshenziswe, ukudala amathuba okuphatha amabhizinisi angasebenzi emuva kwesikhathi nezinkampani, njll.
Amalungu e-PRO Vietnam anethemba lokuqoqa, ukusebenzisa kabusha, nokuphinda asebenzise zonke izinto zokupakisha amalungu azo azibeka emakethe ngo-2030.
Konke lokhu okungenhla kulethe ubungqabavu embonini yokuphathwa kwepulasitiki emfucumfucu, kukhuthaze ukwenziwa kwamazinga, ukukala nokusimama kwemboni, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kwaletha amathuba entuthuko ebhizinisi emabhizinisini.
Ingxenye yolwazi kulesi sihloko ihlanganiswe ne-Hong Kong Chamber of Commerce eVietnam.
