1. Umlando omfushane wentuthuko
Imboni yeplastikhi eBangladesh yaqala ngawo-1960. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezimboni zokukhiqiza izingubo nezesikhumba, umlando wokuthuthuka mfushane uma uqhathaniswa. Ngokukhula komnotho okusheshayo kweBangladesh eminyakeni yamuva nje, imboni yeplastikhi isiphenduke imboni ebalulekile. Umlando omfushane wokuthuthukiswa komkhakha wepulasitiki waseBangladesh ume kanjena:
1960: Esigabeni sokuqala, isikhunta sokufakelwa sasetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ukukhiqiza amathoyizi, amasongo, amafreyimu wezithombe neminye imikhiqizo emincane, nezingxenye zepulasitiki zemboni yejute nazo zakhiqizwa;
1970s: Kwaqalwa ukusebenzisa imishini ezenzakalelayo ukukhiqiza izimbiza zepulasitiki, amapuleti neminye imikhiqizo yasendlini;
Ama-1980s: Baqala ukusebenzisa imishini yokushaya amafilimu ukukhiqiza izikhwama zepulasitiki neminye imikhiqizo.
Ama-1990s: Aqala ukukhiqiza iziphanyeko zepulasitiki nezinye izesekeli zezingubo zokuthekelisa;
Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21: Kwaqalwa ukukhiqiza izihlalo zepulasitiki ezibunjiwe, amatafula, njll. Indawo yendawo yaseBangladesh yaqala ukukhiqiza iziqhumane, ama-extruders kanye nama-pelletizer okwenza kabusha udoti wepulasitiki.
2. Isimo samanje sokuthuthukiswa komkhakha
(1) Ukubuka konke kwezimboni eziyisisekelo.
Imakethe yasekhaya yomkhakha wepulasitiki waseBangladesh icishe ibe amaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-950, ngezinkampani ezingaphezu kuka-5 000 zokukhiqiza, ikakhulukazi amabhizinisi amancane naphakathi nendawo, ikakhulukazi emaphethelweni amadolobha afana neDhaka neChittagong, enikeza imisebenzi eqondile nengaqondile engaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-1.2. Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-2500 zemikhiqizo yepulasitiki, kepha izinga lobuchwepheshe lilonke alikho phezulu. Njengamanje, iningi lamapulasitiki asendlini nezinto zokupakisha ezisetshenziswe eBangladesh zikhiqizwe endaweni. Ukusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki ngomuntu ngamunye eBangladesh kungama-5 kg kuphela, okungaphansi kakhulu kunesilinganiso sokusetshenziswa komhlaba esingama-80 kg. Kusukela ngo-2005 kuya ku-2014, isilinganiso sokukhula sonyaka embonini yamapulasitiki yaseBangladesh seqe ngaphezu kuka-18%. Umbiko wocwaningo lowe-2012 we-United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) wabikezela ukuthi inani lomkhiqizo wemboni yeplastiki yaseBangladesh lalingafinyelela ku-US $ 4 billion ngo-2020. Njengemboni edinga abasebenzi abaningi, uhulumeni waseBangladesh uyibonile amandla okuthuthukisa izimakethe embonini yeplastiki futhi ayifaka njengomkhakha ohamba phambili ku "Inqubomgomo Kazwelonke Yezimboni Ka-2016" kanye "Nenqubomgomo Yokuthekelisa Yango-2015-2018". Ngokwe-Bangladesh's 7th Five-Year Plan, imboni yeplastikhi yaseBangladesh izoqhubeka nokucebisa ukwehluka kwemikhiqizo ethunyelwa kwamanye amazwe futhi inikeze nokusekelwa okuqinile kwemikhiqizo ekuthuthukiseni imboni yezindwangu nokukhanya kwaseBangladesh.
(2) Imakethe yokungenisa izimboni.
Cishe yonke imishini nemishini embonini yamaplastiki yaseBangladesh ingeniswa ivela phesheya. Phakathi kwabo, abakhiqizi bemikhiqizo esezingeni eliphansi neliphakathi ikakhulukazi bangenisa kusuka eNdiya, eChina naseThailand, kanye nabakhiqizi bemikhiqizo esezingeni eliphezulu ikakhulukazi abangenisa kusuka eTaiwan, Japan, Europe nase-United States. Ukukhiqizwa kwasekhaya kwesikhunta sokukhiqizwa kwepulasitiki kumayelana ne-10% kuphela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imboni yamapulasitiki eBangladesh ngokuyisisekelo incike ekungenisweni nasekusetshenzisweni kabusha kukadoti wepulasitiki. Izinto zokusetshenziswa ezingenisiwe ikakhulukazi zifaka i-polyethylene (PE), i-polyvinyl chloride (i-PVC), i-polypropylene (PP), ne-polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Futhi i-polystyrene (PS), ebala u-0.26% wokungeniswa kwemikhiqizo yepulasitiki emhlabeni, ikleliswe endaweni yama-59 emhlabeni. IChina, iSaudi Arabia, iTaiwan, iSouth Korea neThailand yizimakethe ezinhlanu ezinkulu zokuphakelwa kwempahla eluhlaza, ezibala u-65.9% wenani lonke lokuthengwa kwempahla eluhlaza okwenziwe eBangladesh.
(3) Ukuthunyelwa kwemboni kwamanye amazwe.
Njengamanje, ukuthunyelwa kwepulasitiki eBangladesh kukleliswe endaweni yama-89 emhlabeni, futhi akukakabi isithumeli esikhulu semikhiqizo epulasitiki. Ngonyaka wezimali ka-2016-2017, abakhiqizi ababalelwa ku-300 eBangladesh bathumela imikhiqizo yepulasitiki, ngenani eliqondile lokuthekelisa elilinganiselwa ezigidini ezingama-117 zamadola aseMelika, okunikele ngaphezu kuka-1% kwi-GDP yaseBangladesh. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuthunyelwa inani elikhulu lemikhiqizo yepulasitiki engaqondile, njengezesekeli zezingubo, amaphaneli we-polyester, izinto zokupakisha, njll. Amazwe nezifunda ezinjengePoland, China, India, Belgium, France, Germany, Canada, Spain, Australia, Japan , INew Zealand, iNetherlands, i-Italy, i-United Arab Emirates, iMalaysia kanye neHong Kong yizindawo eziyinhloko zokuthekelisa zemikhiqizo yepulasitiki yaseBangladesh. Izimakethe ezinhlanu ezinkulu ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, okuyiChina, i-United States, i-India, i-Germany kanye neBelgium zenza cishe ama-73% okuthengiswa okuphelele kwepulasitiki eBangladesh.
(4) Ukusetshenziswa kabusha kukadoti wepulasitiki.
Imboni yepulasitiki yokuphinda isebenze kabusha eBangladesh igxile enhlokodolobha iDhaka. Kunezinkampani ezibalelwa ku-300 ezihlanganyela ekusetshenzisweni kabusha kwemfucuza, abasebenzi abangaphezu kwama-25,000, kanye namathani ayi-140 kadoti wepulasitiki olungiswa nsuku zonke. Ukuphinda kusetshenziswe kabusha imfucumfucu yePlastiki sekuthuthuke kwaba yingxenye ebalulekile yomkhakha wepulasitiki waseBangladesh.
3. Izinselelo ezinkulu
(1) Ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo yepulasitiki idinga ukuthuthukiswa ngokwengeziwe.
Ama-98% amabhizinisi okukhiqiza epulasitiki aseBangladesh amabhizinisi amancane naphakathi nendawo. Iningi labo lisebenzisa imishini yokulungisa engeniswe ngaphakathi kanye nemishini yezandla ekhiqizwa endaweni. Kunzima ukuthenga okokusebenza okuphezulu nge-automation ephezulu nobungcweti obuyinkimbinkimbi ngezimali zabo, okuholela kwikhwalithi ephelele yemikhiqizo yepulasitiki yaseBangladesh. Hhayi phezulu, hhayi ukuncintisana okuqinile kwamazwe omhlaba.
(2) Izindinganiso zekhwalithi yemikhiqizo yepulasitiki zidinga ukuhlanganiswa.
Ukushoda kwamazinga ekhwalithi emikhiqizo ethile nakho kuyinto ebalulekile evimbela ukuthuthukiswa komkhakha wepulasitiki eBangladesh. Njengamanje, i-Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institute (BSTI) ithatha isikhathi eside kakhulu ukwakha izindinganiso zekhwalithi yemikhiqizo epulasitiki, futhi kunzima ukufinyelela esivumelwaneni nabakhiqizi ukuthi bayayisebenzisa yini i-US Food and Drug Administration standard noma i-International Codex Alimentarius Commission Indinganiso ye-CODEX yamazinga womkhiqizo wepulasitiki asebangeni lokudla. I-BSTI kufanele ihlanganise amazinga afanelekile womkhiqizo wepulasitiki ngokushesha okukhulu, ivuselele izinhlobo ezingama-26 zamazinga womkhiqizo wepulasitiki akhishiwe, futhi yakhe imigomo eminingi yomkhiqizo wepulasitiki ngokuya ngamazinga esitifiketi saseBangladesh kanye namazwe okuya kuwo ukuthekelisa ukuqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa kwe amapulasitiki ekhwalithi ahlangabezana nezindinganiso zomhlaba jikelele. Imikhiqizo yokuthuthukisa ukuncintisana kwamazwe omhlaba kwemikhiqizo ye-Meng Plastics.
(3) Ukuphathwa kwemboni yepulasitiki yokuphinda kusetshenziswe kabusha kudinga ukuqiniswa ngokwengeziwe.
Ingqalasizinda yaseBangladesh ibuyela emuva kakhulu, futhi uhlelo lokuphathwa kwemfucumfucu lwamakhemikhali oluhle alukasungulwa. Ngokwemibiko, okungenani amathani ayi-300,000 kadoti wepulasitiki aphonswa emifuleni nasezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi eBangladesh minyaka yonke, okuyingozi enkulu emvelweni. Kusukela ngo-2002, uhulumeni wakwenqabela ukusetshenziswa kwezikhwama ze-polyethylene, kwaqala nokusetshenziswa kwezikhwama zamaphepha, ezezindwangu nezama-jute, kepha umphumela wokuvinjelwa wawungabonakali. Ukulinganisela kangcono ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yepulasitiki kanye nokuvuselelwa kabusha kukadoti wepulasitiki nokunciphisa ukulimala kukadoti wepulasitiki emvelweni nasezindaweni ezihlala eBangladesh kuyinkinga okufanele uhulumeni waseBangladeshi ayisingathe kahle.
(4) Izinga lobuchwepheshe labasebenzi embonini yeplastikhi lidinga ukuthuthukiswa ngokwengeziwe.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, uhulumeni waseBangladeshi uthathe izinyathelo ezahlukahlukene zokuthuthukisa amakhono ezisebenzi zabo. Isibonelo, i-Bangladesh Plastics Product Manufacturers and Exporters Association iqalise ukusungulwa kwe-Bangladesh Institute of Plastic Engineering and Technology (BIPET) ukwenza ngcono izinga lobuchwepheshe labasebenzi bemboni yeplastikhi yaseBangladeshi ngochungechunge lwezifundo ezibhekiswe kwezobuchwepheshe nezobuchwepheshe. Kepha kukonke, izinga lobuchwepheshe labasebenzi bemboni yamaplastiki yaseBangladeshi alikho phezulu. Uhulumeni waseBangladeshi kufanele aqhubeke nokwandisa ukuqeqeshwa futhi ngasikhathi sinye aqinise ukushintshana kwezobuchwepheshe nokwakhiwa kwamandla namazwe amakhulu akhiqiza upulasitiki afana neChina neNdiya ukwenza ngcono izinga lobuchwepheshe jikelele lomkhakha wepulasitiki eBangladesh. .
(5) Ukwesekwa kwenqubomgomo kudinga ukuthi kwandiswe ngokuqhubekayo.
Mayelana nokusekelwa kwenqubomgomo kahulumeni, imboni yeplastikhi yaseBangladesh isalela emuva kakhulu embonini yokukhiqiza izingubo. Isibonelo, iBangladesh Customs ihlolisisa ilayisense eliboshiwe labakhiqizi bepulasitiki minyaka yonke, ngenkathi licwaninga abenzi bezingubo kanye njalo eminyakeni emithathu. Intela yenkampani yomkhakha wepulasitiki yizinga elijwayelekile, okungukuthi, ama-25% ezinkampanini ezifakwe kuhlu nama-35% ezinkampanini ezingekho ohlwini. Intela yebhizinisi embonini yokukhiqiza izingubo ingu-12%; ngokuyisisekelo asikho isaphulelo sentela sokuthumela ngaphandle kwemikhiqizo yepulasitiki; umkhawulo ophezulu wesicelo seBangladesh Export Development Fund (i-EDF) yamabhizinisi okukhiqiza epulasitiki ngama-dollar ayizigidi ezi-1, kanti umakhi wezingubo ngu-25 million US dollars. Ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokukhuthazwa kokuthuthuka okunamandla komkhakha wepulasitiki waseBangladesh, ukwesekwa kwenqubomgomo okwengeziwe okuvela eminyangweni kahulumeni njengoMnyango Wezohwebo Nezezimboni waseBangladesh kuzobaluleke kakhulu.
