A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, masana'antar kera na'urorin likitanci ta duniya ta ci gaba cikin sauri da kwanciyar hankali, tare da ci gaban da ya kai kimanin 4%, wanda ya fi karfin ci gaban tattalin arzikin kasa a daidai wannan lokacin. Amurka, Turai, da Japan a hade suke tare da babban matsayin kasuwa a kasuwar hada-hadar magunguna ta duniya. (Asar Amirka ta fi kowace) asar samarwa da kuma amfani da na'urorin kiwon lafiya, kuma shanta yana cikin manyan matsayi a cikin masana'antar. Daga cikin manyan manyan na'urorin kiwon lafiya na duniya, Amurka tana da mafi yawan kamfanonin na'urorin kiwon lafiya kuma tana da asusu mafi girma.
Wannan labarin yafi gabatar da filastik injiniyan aikin likita da aka saba amfani dashi, wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa tare da siffofin sauƙin aiwatarwa. Wadannan robobi suna da tsada sosai dangane da nauyi, saboda yawancin kayan ana rasa su saboda tarkace yayin aiki.
Gabatarwa zuwa robobi na injiniyan gama gari a fannin likitanci
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
A terpolymer an yi shi da SAN (styrene-acrylonitrile) da butadiene roba roba. Daga tsarinta, babban sarkar ABS na iya zama BS, AB, AS, kuma sarkar reshe mai dacewa zata iya zama AS, S, AB da sauran kayan haɗin.
ABS polymer ne wanda a cikin sa aka tarwatsa lokacin roba a ci gaba da resin. Sabili da haka, ba kawai copolymer ko cakuda waɗannan masanan guda uku ba ne, SAN (styrene-acrylonitrile), wanda ke ba da taurin ABS da ƙarewar ƙasa, butadiene yana bayarwa Domin ƙarfinsa, za a iya daidaita rabon waɗannan abubuwan uku kamar yadda ake buƙata. Filastik yawanci ana amfani dasu don yin faranti masu inci 4 inci da sanduna mai inci 6, wanda za'a iya hada shi cikin sauki kuma a sanya shi don samar da faranti masu kauri da kayan aiki. Saboda tsadar da ta dace da kuma sauƙin sarrafawa, sanannen abu ne don samfurin samfuri na sarrafa lambobi (CNC).
ABS galibi ana amfani dashi don yin kwalliya da bazuwar kayan aikin likita. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an yi amfani da ABS cike da zaren gilashi a wurare da yawa.
Acrylic guduro (PMMA)
Acrylic resin ainihin shine ɗayan robobin kayan aikin likita na farko, kuma har yanzu ana amfani dashi mafi yawa a cikin gyare-gyaren mayukan roba. * Acrylic shine asalin polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA).
Acrylic guduro mai ƙarfi ne, mai haske, mai aiki kuma mai haɗin kai. Wata hanya ta yau da kullun wacce za'a hada acrylic ita ce ta hada dan adam da methyl chloride. Acrylic yana da kusan sanduna marasa iyaka, zanen gado da sifar farantin, da launuka daban-daban. Gudun Acrylic sun dace musamman da bututun haske da aikace-aikace na gani.
Acrylic resin for signage and display za a iya amfani da shi don gwajin gwaji da samfura; duk da haka, dole ne a kula don ƙayyade sigar likita kafin amfani da shi a kowane gwaji na asibiti. Kasuwancin acrylic resins na iya ƙunsar juriya ta UV, masu jinkirin wuta, masu gyara tasiri da sauran sunadarai, wanda yasa basu dace da amfani da asibiti ba.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
PVC yana da nau'i biyu, mai tsauri da sassauƙa, ya danganta da ko an ƙara roba. PVC yawanci ana amfani dashi don bututun ruwa. Babban rashin ingancin PVC shine ƙarancin yanayin yanayi, ƙarancin ƙarfi mai tasiri, kuma nauyin takardar thermoplastic yana da tsayi sosai (takamaiman nauyi 1.35). Yana da sauƙin karce ko lalacewa, kuma yana da ɗan ƙaramin yanayin lalacewar yanayin zafi (160).
An samar da PVC mara kwalliya a cikin manyan tsari guda biyu: Nau'in I (lalata lalata) da Nau'in II (babban tasiri). Nau'in I PVC shine PVC da akafi amfani dashi, amma a aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar ƙarfin tasiri sama da Nau'in I, Nau'in na II yana da ƙarfin juriya mafi tasiri kuma yana ɗan rage juriya ta lalata. A cikin aikace-aikacen da ake buƙatar ƙa'idodin yanayin zafin jiki mai yawa, ana iya amfani da polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) don aikace-aikace masu tsabta a kusan 280 ° F.
Samfurin likitancin da aka yi shi da filastik polyvinyl chloride (plasticizedpvc) an yi amfani da shi da farko don maye gurbin roba ta roba da gilashi a cikin kayan aikin likita. Dalilin sauyawar shine: filastik polyvinyl chloride kayan aikin sun fi saurin haifuwa, sun fi bayyane, kuma sunada kwanciyar hankali da ingantaccen sinadarai. Kayan kwalliyar polyvinyl chloride suna da sauƙin amfani, kuma saboda laushin kansu da laushinsu, zasu iya guje wa lalata ƙwayoyin jikin masu haƙuri kuma su guji sa mai haƙuri rashin jin daɗi.
Polycarbonate (PC)
Polycarbonate (PC) shine filastik mafi tsayayyen haske kuma yana da matukar amfani ga samfuran likitocin samfuri, musamman idan za'a yi amfani da haɗin UV. PC yana da nau'ikan sanda, farantin karfe, da faranti, yana da sauƙin haɗuwa.
Kodayake ana iya amfani da halayen wasan kwaikwayon sama da dozin guda ɗaya na PC kawai ko a hade, galibi ana dogara da bakwai. PC yana da tasirin tasiri mai karfi, bayyananniyar ruwa mai haske, kyakkyawar juriya mai rarrafe, kewayon zazzabi mai dumbin yawa, kwanciyar hankali mai girma, juriya da juriya, taurin kai da taurin kai, duk da tasirin ta.
PC yana da sauƙin canza launi ta hanyar haifuwa ta iska, amma ana samun maki na kwanciyar hankali.
Akwatin roba (PP)
PP nauyi ne mai nauyi, filastik mai polyolefin mai sauƙin kuɗi tare da wurin narkar da ƙarami, don haka ya dace sosai da yanayin yanayin jirgi da marufin abinci. PP yana iya kunnawa, don haka idan kuna buƙatar ƙarfin wuta, nemi maki mai ƙyamar wuta (FR). PP yana da juriya ga lanƙwasa, wanda aka fi sani da "manne ninki 100". Don aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar lankwasawa, ana iya amfani da PP.
Polyethylene (PE)
Polyethylene (PE) abu ne wanda aka saba amfani dashi a cikin marufin abinci da sarrafawa. Ultra-high kwayoyin nauyi polyethylene (UHMWPE) yana da high lalacewa lalacewa, low gogayya coefficient, kai lubricity, surface ba-mannewa da kyau kwarai da sinadaran juriya gajiya. Hakanan yana kiyaye babban aiki a yanayin ƙarancin yanayin zafi (misali, nitrogen mai ruwa, -259 ° C). UHMWPE yana fara laushi kusan 185 ° F kuma ya rasa juriya na abrasion.
Tunda UHMWPE yana da haɓaka mai girma ƙwarai da raguwa lokacin da yanayin zafin jiki ya canza, ba a ba da shawarar don aikace-aikacen haƙuri da ke cikin waɗannan yanayin ba.
Saboda yawan kuzarinsa na sama, wanda baya mannewa, PE na iya zama da wuya a daure. Aka gyara abubuwa sun fi sauƙi don dacewa tare da masu ɗorawa, tsangwama ko ɓoyewa. Loctite yana samar da adhesives na cyanoacrylate (CYA) (LoctitePrism wanda ba ya jin daɗin CYA da share fage) don haɗa waɗannan nau'ikan robobi.
Hakanan ana amfani da UHMWPE a cikin gyaran kafa da babban rabo. Yana da kayan da aka fi amfani dasu a cikin kofin acetabular yayin jimlar kwalliyar kwalliya kuma mafi yawan kayan abu a cikin tudun tibial yayin jimlar gwiwa gaba ɗaya. Ya dace da goge goben-chromium mai ƙyalƙyali. * Da fatan za a lura cewa kayan da suka dace da kayan aikin gyaran kafa sune kayan aiki na musamman, ba sifofin masana'antu ba. Ana siyar da UHMWPE na likita a ƙarƙashin sunan kasuwanci Lennite ta Westlake Plastics (Lenni, PA).
Polyoxymethylene (POM)
DuPont's Delrin yana ɗaya daga cikin sanannun POMs, kuma yawancin masu zane suna amfani da wannan sunan don komawa zuwa wannan filastik. An hada POM daga formaldehyde. POM an kirkireshi ne da farko a farkon shekarun 1950 a matsayin tsayayyen mai ƙarfi, mai jure zafi wanda ba ƙarfe ba, wanda akafi sani da "Saigang". Filati mai tauri ne mai ƙananan coefficient na gogayya da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi.
Delrin da POM mai kama da shi suna da wahalar haɗawa, kuma haɗuwa da inji shine mafi kyau. Ana amfani da Delrin sosai don samfurorin na'urorin likitanci da aka haɗa da kayan aiki masu rufewa. Yana da matukar aiki, don haka ya dace sosai da samfurorin kayan aikin injina waɗanda ke buƙatar ƙarfi, juriya na sinadarai, da kayan da suka dace da ƙa'idodin FDA.
Disadvantaya daga cikin rashin dacewar Delrin shine ƙwarewarsa ga haifuwa ta iska, wanda yake sa POM ya zama mai rauni. Idan fitowar mahaifa, fitowar gaggawa, injin bazara na filastik da siririn sashi da ke ƙarƙashin kaya na iya karyewa. Idan kana son yin wajan sassan B-POM, da fatan za ayi amfani da EtO, Steris ko autoclaves, ya danganta da ko na'urar na dauke da wasu abubuwa masu mahimmanci, kamar su na'urorin lantarki.
Nylon (PA)
Akwai Nylon a cikin tsari na 6/6 da 6/12. Nylon yana da tauri kuma yana da tsayayyar zafi. Masu ganowa 6/6 da 6/12 suna nuni zuwa adadin atoms na carbon a cikin sarkar polymer, kuma 6/12 doguwar nailan ne mai tsayayyar zafi. Nylon ba abu ne mai sarrafawa kamar ABS ko Delrin (POM) ba saboda yana barin barin kwakwalwan da ke makale a gefunan sassan da watakila a lalata su.
Nylon 6, mafi yawanci shine silon nailan, wanda DuPont ya inganta kafin yakin duniya na II. Koyaya, bai kasance ba har zuwa 1956, tare da gano mahaɗan (masu haɓakawa da haɓakawa) waɗanda suka jefa nailan suka zama masu amfani da kasuwanci. Tare da wannan sabuwar fasahar, saurin yaduwar polymer ya karu matuka, kuma matakan da ake buƙata don cimma polymerization sun ragu.
Saboda ƙarancin takunkumin sarrafawa, jakar nailan 6 tana ba da ɗayan manya-manyan tsararru da siffofin al'ada na kowane thermoplastic. 'Yan wasan sun hada da sanduna, bututu, bututu da faranti. Girman su ya fara daga fam 1 zuwa fam 400.
Kayan Nylon suna da ƙarfin inji da saƙar-jin daɗin cewa kayan yau da kullun basu da. Koyaya, kayan aikin likitancin ƙafa, kayan kwalliyar gyaran kafa, da gadajen jinya na likita yawanci suna buƙatar sassa tare da wani ƙarfin ɗaukar nauyi, don haka gabaɗaya an zaɓi PA66 + 15% GF.
Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene (FEP)
Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) yana da duk kyawawan halaye na tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) (polytetrafluoroethylene [PTFE]), amma yana da yanayin ƙarancin rayuwa mai ƙarancin 200 ° C (392 ° F). Ba kamar PTFE ba, FEP na iya zama allurar da aka ƙera shi kuma an cire shi zuwa sanduna, tubes da bayanan martaba na musamman ta hanyoyin al'ada. Wannan ya zama fa'ida da fa'ida ta aiki akan PTFE. Ana samun sanduna har zuwa inci 4.5 da faranti har inci 2. Ayyukan FEP a ƙarƙashin ɓarkewar radiation ya fi na PTFE kyau.
Babban aikin injin robobi
Abincin polyetherimide (PEI)
Ultem 1000 shine polymer-polymer mai zafi mai zafi, wanda General Electric Company ya tsara don ƙirar allura. Ta hanyar ci gaban sabuwar fasahar extrusion, masu kera irin su AL Hyde, Gehr da Ensinger suna samar da samfuran zamani daban-daban da kuma girma na Ultem 1000. Ultem 1000 yana haɗuwa da kyakkyawan aiki kuma yana da fa'idojin tsada idan aka kwatanta da PES, PEEK da Kapton a aikace-aikacen zafi mai zafi (ci gaba da amfani da su) har zuwa 340 ° F). Ultem yana da iko.
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) alamar kasuwanci ce ta Victrex plc (Burtaniya), mai tsananin zafi da zafin jiki mai tsananin ƙwan gaske tare da kyakkyawan zafin jiki da juriya na sinadarai, haka kuma kyakkyawar juriya da lalacewar ƙarfin juriya. An ba da shawarar don abubuwan lantarki waɗanda ke buƙatar ci gaba da aiki mai ɗorewa (480 ° F), da ƙarancin hayaƙin hayaƙi da hayaƙi mai guba wanda ke fuskantar wuta.
PEEK ya sadu da Labarai na Labarai Masu Rubuta (UL) 94 V-0 buƙatun, inci 0.080. Samfurin yana da tsananin ƙarfi ga gamma radiation, har ma ya wuce na polystyrene. Iyakar abin da zai iya kawo hari ga PEEK shine mai karfi sulfuric acid. PEEK yana da kyakkyawan juriya na hydrolysis kuma yana iya aiki cikin tururi har zuwa 500 ° F.
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
TFE ko PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), yawanci ana kiransa Teflon, yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙwayoyin fluorocarbon guda uku a cikin rukunin fluorocarbon, wanda ya ƙunshi gaba ɗaya na furotin da carbon. Sauran resins a cikin wannan rukunin, wanda aka fi sani da Teflon, sune perfluoroalkoxy fluorocarbon (PFA) da FEP.
Forcesarfin da ke ɗaure furotin da carbon tare suna ba da ɗayan sanannun sanannen haɗin haɗin sunadarai tsakanin atom ɗin da aka tsara su sosai. Sakamakon wannan ƙarfin haɗin haɗi tare da daidaitaccen sarkar mai ɗanɗano ne, rashin iya aiki da kimiyyar halitta, da daidaitaccen polymer.
TFE yana jure zafi da kusan dukkanin abubuwan sinadarai. Ban da wasu speciesan jinsunan ƙasashen waje, ba za'a iya narkewa a cikin dukkan kwayoyin halittar ba. Ayyukanta na lantarki yana da kyau ƙwarai. Kodayake yana da ƙarfin tasiri mai ƙarfi, idan aka kwatanta shi da sauran kayan aikin injiniya na thermoplastics, ƙwarin sawar sa, ƙarfin zafin jiki da juriya na rarrafe suna ƙasa.
TFE yana da mafi ƙarancin wutar lantarki mai sauƙi kuma mafi ƙarancin lalacewa na dukkanin kayan aiki masu ƙarfi. Dangane da haɗin haɗakar haɗarin sinadarai, TFE ba shi da kyan gani ga ƙwayoyin halitta daban-daban. Wannan yana haifar da haɓakar haɗin kai kamar ƙasa da 0.05. Kodayake PTFE yana da ƙananan coefficient na gogayya, bai dace da kaya mai ɗauke da kayan aikin kothopedic ba saboda ƙarancin juriya da ƙarancin kayan sawa. Sir John Charnley ya gano wannan matsalar ne a aikinsa na farko game da maye gurbin ƙugu a ƙarshen shekarun 1950.
Polysulfone
Polysulfone asalinsa BP Amoco ne ya kirkireshi kuma a halin yanzu kamfanin Solvay ne ke ƙera shi a ƙarƙashin sunan kasuwanci Udel, kuma ana sayar da polyphenylsulfone ƙarƙashin sunan kasuwanci na Radel.
Polysulfone abu ne mai tauri, mara ƙarfi, mai haske (amber mai haske) wanda zai iya kula da kaddarorinsa a kewayon kewayon -150 ° F zuwa 300 ° F. An tsara shi don kayan aikin da FDA ta yarda da shi, ya kuma wuce duk gwajin USP Class VI (nazarin halittu). Tana haɗuwa da ƙa'idodin ruwan sha na Gidauniyar tsaftace ƙasa, har zuwa 180 ° F. Polysulfone yana da yanayin girma sosai. Bayan kamuwa da ruwan zãfi ko iska a 300 ° F, canjin yanayin canji yawanci kashi ɗaya cikin goma na 1% ko ƙasa da haka. Polysulfone yana da babban juriya ga acid mara kyau, alkalis da mafita na gishiri; har ma a yanayin zafi mai ƙarfi a ƙarƙashin matsakaicin matakan matsakaici, yana da kyakkyawan juriya ga mayukan wanki da mai na hydrocarbon. Polysulfone ba ta da juriya ga masu narkewar narkewar kwayoyi kamar su ketones, sinadarin hydrocarbons da ke aromatic hydrocarbons.
Ana amfani da Radel don tray na kayan aiki waɗanda ke buƙatar ƙarfin zafi mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi mai tasiri, kuma don aikace-aikacen tire na asibiti. Gudun injin Polysulfone ya haɗu da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi da juriya na dogon lokaci don sake haifuwa da tururi. Waɗannan polymer ɗin sun tabbatar da cewa sune madadin bakin ƙarfe da gilashi. Magungunan polysulfone na likitanci ba shi da tasiri, yana da rayuwa mai tsayi ta musamman a cikin tsarin haifuwa, na iya zama bayyane ko kuma mai rikitarwa, kuma yana da tsayayya ga yawancin sinadaran asibiti.
