Mu myaka yashize, inganda zikoreshwa mu buvuzi ku isi zagumanye iterambere ryihuse kandi rihamye, hamwe n’ikigereranyo cyo kwiyongera kigera kuri 4%, kikaba kiri hejuru y’ubwiyongere bw’ubukungu bw’igihugu mu gihe kimwe. Amerika, Uburayi, n'Ubuyapani bifatanyije hamwe umwanya w’isoko ku isoko ry’ibikoresho by’ubuvuzi ku isi. Reta zunzubumwe zunzubumwe zunzubumwe zunzubumwe zunzubumwe zunzubumwe zunzubumwe zunzubumwe zunzubumwe zunzubumwe zunzubumwe zisi kandi zikoresha ibikoresho byubuvuzi, kandi imikoreshereze yacyo iri kumwanya wambere muruganda. Mu bihangange by’ibikoresho by’ubuvuzi ku isi, Amerika ifite umubare munini w’ibigo by’ubuvuzi kandi bifite umubare munini.
Iyi ngingo itangiza cyane cyane plastiki yubuvuzi bukoreshwa mubuvuzi, bugizwe nibikoresho bifite imiterere-yoroshye-gutunganya. Iyi plastiki ikunda kuba ihenze ugereranije nuburemere, kubera ko ibikoresho byinshi bitakara kubera imyanda mugihe cyo kuyitunganya.
Intangiriro kuri plastiki yubuhanga isanzwe mubuvuzi
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
Terpolymer ikozwe muri SAN (styrene-acrylonitrile) na rubber ya butadiene. Uhereye ku miterere yacyo, urunigi nyamukuru rwa ABS rushobora kuba BS, AB, AS, kandi urunigi rwishami ruhuye rushobora kuba AS, S, AB nibindi bice.
ABS ni polymer aho reberi ikwirakwizwa mugice gikomeza cya resin. Kubwibyo, ntabwo ari copolymer cyangwa imvange yizi monomers eshatu, SAN (styrene-acrylonitrile), itanga ABS gukomera no kurangiza hejuru, ariko butadiene itanga Kubikomeye, igipimo cyibi bice bitatu gishobora guhinduka nkuko bikenewe. Ubusanzwe plastiki zikoreshwa mugukora amasahani yuburebure bwa santimetero 4 ninkoni ya diametero 6, zishobora guhuzwa byoroshye no kumurikirwa kugirango zibe amasahani manini hamwe nibigize. Bitewe nigiciro cyayo cyiza kandi gitunganijwe byoroshye, ni ibikoresho bizwi cyane kugenzura mudasobwa (CNC) ikora prototypes.
ABS ikunze gukoreshwa muguhisha ibikoresho binini byubuvuzi. Mu myaka yashize, ABS yuzuyemo fibre fibre yakoreshejwe ahantu henshi.
Acrylic resin (PMMA)
Acrylic resin mubyukuri nimwe mubikoresho byubuvuzi byambere byubuvuzi, kandi biracyakoreshwa muburyo bwo gusana anaplastique. * Acrylic ni polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA).
Acrylic resin irakomeye, irasobanutse, irashobora gutunganywa kandi irahuza. Uburyo bumwe busanzwe bwo guhuza acrylic nugukemura guhuza methyl chloride. Acrylic ifite ubwoko butagira imipaka bwinkoni, impapuro nisahani, namabara atandukanye. Ibisigarira bya Acrylic birakwiriye cyane cyane kumiyoboro yoroheje hamwe na optique ikoreshwa.
Acrylic resin kubimenyetso no kwerekana birashobora gukoreshwa mugupima ibipimo na prototypes; icyakora, hagomba kwitonderwa kugirango umenye verisiyo yubuvuzi mbere yo kuyikoresha mubigeragezo ibyo aribyo byose. Ibicuruzwa byo mu rwego rwa acrylic birashobora kuba birimo UV irwanya imbaraga, izimya umuriro, abahindura ingaruka nindi miti, bigatuma idakoreshwa mumavuriro.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
PVC ifite uburyo bubiri, bukomeye kandi bworoshye, ukurikije niba plastike yongeweho cyangwa itongeweho. Ubusanzwe PVC ikoreshwa mu miyoboro y'amazi. Ingaruka nyamukuru za PVC ni ukutarwanya ikirere, imbaraga nkeya ugereranije, kandi uburemere bwurupapuro rwa termoplastique ni muremure cyane (uburemere bwihariye 1.35). Birashobora gushushanywa byoroshye cyangwa byangiritse, kandi bifite aho bigarukira cyane (160).
PVC idafite amashanyarazi ikorwa muburyo bubiri bwingenzi: Ubwoko bwa I (kurwanya ruswa) nubwoko bwa II (ingaruka zikomeye). Ubwoko bwa I PVC nizo zikoreshwa cyane muri PVC, ariko mubisabwa bisaba imbaraga zingaruka zirenze Ubwoko I, Ubwoko bwa II bufite imbaraga zo kurwanya ingaruka no kugabanya ruswa. Mubisabwa bisaba ubushyuhe bwo hejuru, fluoride polyvinylidene (PVDF) kubisabwa byera cyane birashobora gukoreshwa hafi 280 ° F.
Ibicuruzwa byubuvuzi bikozwe muri plasitike ya polyvinyl chloride (plastikepvc) byabanje gukoreshwa mu gusimbuza reberi karemano nikirahure mubikoresho byubuvuzi. Impamvu yo gusimburwa ni: ibikoresho bya plasitike ya polyvinyl chloride byoroha cyane, bigahinduka mu mucyo, kandi bifite imiti ihamye kandi ikora neza mubukungu. Ibicuruzwa bya plasitike ya polyvinyl chloride biroroshye kubikoresha, kandi kubera ubworoherane bwabyo kandi byoroshye, birashobora kwirinda kwangiza ingirangingo zoroshye z'umurwayi kandi birinda gutuma umurwayi yumva atamerewe neza.
Polyakarubone (PC)
Polyakarubone (PC) niyo plastike ikomye cyane kandi ifite akamaro kanini kubikoresho byubuvuzi bwa prototype, cyane cyane niba UV ikiza ihuza. PC ifite uburyo bwinshi bwinkoni, isahani nimpapuro, biroroshye guhuza.
Nubwo ibikorwa birenga icumi biranga PC bishobora gukoreshwa wenyine cyangwa muguhuza, birindwi bikunze gushingirwaho. PC ifite imbaraga nyinshi zingirakamaro, gukorera mu mucyo mu mucyo, kurwanya neza kunyerera, ubushyuhe bwagutse bwimikorere, guhagarara neza, kwambara, gukomera no gukomera, nubwo bihindagurika.
PC ihindagurika byoroshye na sterisizasiyo yimirasire, ariko amanota yimirasire arahari.
Polypropilene (PP)
PP nuburemere bworoshye, plastike ya polyolefin ihendutse kandi ifite ubushyuhe buke, bityo rero irakwiriye cyane kubushyuhe bwo gupakira no gupakira ibiryo. PP irashya, niba rero ukeneye kurwanya umuriro, reba amanota ya flame retardant (FR). PP irwanya kunama, bakunze kwita "kole-inshuro 100". Kuri porogaramu zisaba kunama, PP irashobora gukoreshwa.
Polyethylene (PE)
Polyethylene (PE) ni ibikoresho bisanzwe bikoreshwa mugupakira ibiryo no kubitunganya. Ultra-high-molecular polyethylene (UHMWPE) ifite imbaraga zo kwihanganira kwambara, coefficient de fraisement nkeya, kwiyitirira amavuta, hejuru yo kudafatana hamwe no kurwanya umunaniro mwiza wa chimique. Ikomeza kandi gukora cyane mubushyuhe buke cyane (urugero, azote yuzuye, -259 ° C). UHMWPE itangira koroshya hafi 185 ° F ikabura kwihanganira abrasion.
Kubera ko UHMWPE ifite kwaguka cyane no kugabanuka mugihe ubushyuhe bwahindutse, ntabwo bisabwa kubyihanganira hafi muri ibi bidukikije.
Bitewe nimbaraga zayo zo hejuru, zidafatanye, PE irashobora kugorana guhuza. Ibigize biroroshye guhuza hamwe na feri, kwivanga cyangwa gufata. Lokitite itanga ibyuma bya cyanoacrylate (CYA) (LoctitePrism hejuru-itumva CYA na primer) kugirango ihuze ubu bwoko bwa plastiki.
UHMWPE nayo ikoreshwa muburyo bwimikorere ya orthopedic hamwe nitsinzi ikomeye. Nibikoresho bikoreshwa cyane mugikombe cya acetabula mugihe cya hip arthroplasty yose hamwe nibikoresho bikunze kugaragara mubice bya tibial plateau mugihe cya arthroplasti yuzuye ivi. Irakwiriye cyane ya cobalt-chromium ivanze. * Nyamuneka menya ko ibikoresho bikwiranye na orthopedic ari ibikoresho byihariye, ntabwo ari inganda. Urwego rwubuvuzi UHMWPE rugurishwa mwizina ryubucuruzi Lennite na Westlake Plastics (Lenni, PA).
Polyoxymethylene (POM)
Delrin ya DuPont nimwe muma POM azwi cyane, kandi abayashushanya benshi bakoresha iri zina kugirango bereke iyi plastiki. POM ikomatanyirijwe muri formaldehyde. POM yabanje gutunganywa mu ntangiriro ya za 1950 nk'icyuma gikomeye, cyihanganira ubushyuhe butari icyuma gisimbuza ibyuma, bakunze kwita "Saigang". Nibintu bya plastiki ikomeye ifite coefficient nkeya yo guterana imbaraga nimbaraga nyinshi.
Delrin na POM bisa biragoye guhuza, kandi guteranya imashini nibyiza. Delrin isanzwe ikoreshwa mubikoresho byubuvuzi bikoreshwa na prototypes hamwe nibikoresho bifunze. Irashobora gutunganywa cyane, kubwibyo irakwiriye cyane kuri prototypes yibikoresho byo gutunganya bisaba imbaraga, kurwanya imiti, nibikoresho byujuje ubuziranenge bwa FDA.
Imwe mu mbogamizi ya Delrin ni ukumva ibyiyumvo byo guhagarika imishwarara, ikunda gutuma POM icika intege. Niba imirasire ihindagurika, ifata neza, uburyo bwa plastike yamashanyarazi nigice cyoroshye munsi yumutwaro irashobora gucika. Niba ushaka guhagarika ibice B-POM, nyamuneka tekereza gukoresha EtO, Steris cyangwa autoclave, ukurikije niba igikoresho kirimo ibintu byose byoroshye, nkibikoresho bya elegitoroniki.
Nylon (PA)
Nylon iraboneka muri 6/6 na 6/12. Nylon irakomeye kandi irwanya ubushyuhe. Ibiranga 6/6 na 6/12 bivuga umubare wa atome ya karubone mumurongo wa polymer, naho 6/12 ni nylon yumunyururu muremure kandi urwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi. Nylon ntishobora gutunganywa nka ABS cyangwa Delrin (POM) kuko ikunda gusiga ibyuma bifatanye kumpera yibice bishobora gukenerwa.
Nylon 6, ikunze kugaragara cyane ni cast nylon, yakozwe na DuPont mbere yintambara ya kabiri yisi yose. Ariko, mu 1956, ni bwo havumbuwe ibice (co-catalizator na moteri yihuta) byatumye nylon iba ingirakamaro mu bucuruzi. Hamwe nubu buhanga bushya, umuvuduko wa polymerisation uriyongera cyane, kandi intambwe zisabwa kugirango polimerisiyasi igabanuke.
Bitewe no kugabanya gutunganya bike, cast nylon 6 itanga imwe murwego runini runini rwimiterere nuburyo bwihariye bwa thermoplastique. Abakinnyi barimo ibibari, igituba, imiyoboro hamwe namasahani. Ingano yabo iri hagati y'ibiro 1 kugeza kuri 400.
Ibikoresho bya Nylon bifite imbaraga zumukanishi kandi byangiza uruhu wumva ko ibikoresho bisanzwe bidafite. Nyamara, ibikoresho byubuvuzi bitonyanga ibirenge, amagare y’ibimuga yo gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe, hamwe n’ibitanda by’ubuforomo byubuvuzi bisaba ibice bifite ubushobozi runaka bwo kwikorera imitwaro, bityo PA66 + 15% GF iratoranijwe muri rusange.
Fluorine Ethylene Propylene (FEP)
Fluorine etylene propylene (FEP) ifite ibintu byose byifuzwa bya tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) (polytetrafluoroethylene [PTFE]), ariko ifite ubushyuhe buke bwo kubaho bwa 200 ° C (392 ° F). Bitandukanye na PTFE, FEP irashobora guterwa inshinge hanyuma ikoherezwa mu tubari, mu tubari no mu mwirondoro udasanzwe hakoreshejwe uburyo busanzwe. Ibi bihinduka igishushanyo nogutunganya inyungu kuri PTFE. Utubari tugera kuri santimetero 4.5 na plaque zigera kuri santimetero 2 zirahari. Imikorere ya FEP munsi ya sterilisation yimirasire ni nziza gato ugereranije na PTFE.
Amashanyarazi akora cyane
Polyetherimide (PEI)
Ultem 1000 ni polimoplastike polyetherimide yubushyuhe bwo hejuru cyane, bwakozwe na sosiyete ikora amashanyarazi rusange yo kubumba inshinge. Binyuze mu iterambere rya tekinoroji nshya yo gukuramo, abayikora nka AL Hyde, Gehr na Ensinger bakora moderi nubunini butandukanye bwa Ultem 1000. Ultem 1000 ikomatanya uburyo bwiza bwo gukora kandi ifite inyungu zo kuzigama ugereranije na PES, PEEK na Kapton mubushuhe bwinshi (gukoresha ubudahwema) gushika kuri 340 ° F). Ultem irashobora kwizerwa.
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) ni ikirango cya Victrex plc (UK), kristaline yo mu bushyuhe bwo hejuru bwa termoplastique hamwe nubushyuhe buhebuje hamwe n’imiti irwanya imiti, ndetse no kurwanya imyambarire myiza no kurwanya umunaniro ukabije. Birasabwa kubice byamashanyarazi bisaba ubushyuhe bukabije bwo gukora (480 ° F), hamwe n’umwuka muke cyane w’umwotsi n’umwotsi w’ubumara uhura n’umuriro.
PEEK yujuje Laboratoire Yandika (UL) 94 V-0 ibisabwa, santimetero 0.080. Igicuruzwa gifite imbaraga zikomeye zo kurwanya imirasire ya gamma, ndetse kirenze icya polystirene. Umuti umwe rukumbi ushobora gutera PEEK ni acide sulfurike. PEEK ifite imbaraga zo kurwanya hydrolysis kandi irashobora gukora mumashanyarazi kugeza kuri 500 ° F.
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
TFE cyangwa PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), bakunze kwita Teflon, ni imwe mu miyoboro itatu ya fluorocarubone mu itsinda rya fluorocarubone, igizwe na fluor na karubone. Ibindi bisigaye muri iri tsinda, bizwi kandi nka Teflon, ni fluorocarbon ya perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) na FEP.
Imbaraga zihuza fluor na karubone hamwe zitanga imwe mumbaraga zikomeye zizwi cyane muri atome zitunganijwe neza. Igisubizo cyiyi mbaraga zingirakamaro hiyongereyeho urunigi nuburyo bugereranije, muburyo bwa chimique, hamwe na polymer ihagaze neza.
TFE irwanya ubushyuhe nibintu hafi ya byose bya shimi. Usibye amoko make yamahanga, ntashobora gukemuka mubintu byose kama. Imikorere yayo yamashanyarazi nibyiza cyane. Nubwo ifite imbaraga zingaruka nyinshi, ugereranije nubundi buryo bwa tekinoroji ya termoplastike, irwanya kwambara, imbaraga zikaze hamwe no guhangana n’ibikurura ni bike.
TFE ifite dielectric yo hasi cyane kandi ikwirakwiza ibintu byose bikomeye. Bitewe nubuhanga bukomeye bwimiti, TFE ntago ikurura molekile zitandukanye. Ibi bivamo coefficient de fraisement munsi ya 0.05. Nubwo PTFE ifite coefficient nkeya yo guterana amagambo, ntabwo ikwiranye na orthopedic yimitwaro itwara imitwaro bitewe nubushobozi buke bwayo bwo kugabanuka no kwambara nabi. Sir John Charnley yavumbuye iki kibazo mubikorwa bye bya mbere byo gusimbuza ikibuno mu mpera za 1950.
Polysulfone
Polysulfone yabanje gukorwa na BP Amoco, ubu ikaba ikorwa na Solvay ku izina ry’ubucuruzi Udel, naho polifhenylsulfone igurishwa ku izina ry’ubucuruzi Radel.
Polysulfone nikintu gikomeye, gikomeye, gifite imbaraga nyinshi mucyo (amber yoroheje) ya termoplastique ishobora kugumana imiterere yayo mubushyuhe bwagutse kuva kuri -150 ° F kugeza 300 ° F. Yagenewe ibikoresho byemewe na FDA, yatsinze kandi ibizamini byose bya USP Class VI (biologiya). Yujuje ubuziranenge bw’amazi yo kunywa y’ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe isuku, kugeza kuri 180 ° F. Polysulfone ifite umutekano muke cyane. Nyuma yo guhura namazi cyangwa umwuka ubira kuri 300 ° F, impinduka zingana kumurongo mubisanzwe ni kimwe cya cumi cya 1% cyangwa munsi yayo. Polysulfone ifite imbaraga nyinshi zo kurwanya aside irike, alkalis hamwe n ibisubizo byumunyu; ndetse no ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru munsi y’urwego ruciriritse, rufite imbaraga zo kurwanya ibintu byangiza amavuta ya hydrocarbon. Polysulfone ntishobora kwihanganira imishwarara ya polar nka ketone, hydrocarbone ya chlorine na hydrocarbone ya aromatic.
Radel ikoreshwa mubikoresho byabigenewe bisaba guhangana nubushyuhe bwinshi nimbaraga nyinshi, hamwe nibitaro bya autoclave tray. Polysulfone yubuhanga bwa resin ikomatanya imbaraga nyinshi hamwe nigihe kirekire cyo kurwanya sterisizione. Izi polymers zerekanye ko zishobora gusimburwa nicyuma nikirahure. Urwego rwubuvuzi polysulfone ni inert yibinyabuzima, ifite ubuzima burebure budasanzwe murwego rwo kuboneza urubyaro, irashobora kuba mucyo cyangwa idasobanutse, kandi irwanya imiti myinshi yibitaro.
