Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ishishini lezixhobo zonyango kwihlabathi liphela ligcine ukukhula okuzinzileyo okukhawulezayo nokuzinzileyo, ngomndilili wokukhula omalunga neepesenti ezi-4, ongaphezulu kwenqanaba lokukhula koqoqosho kuzwelonke kwangelo xesha linye. I-United States, i-Yurophu kunye ne-Japan ngokudibeneyo bahlala kwindawo ephambili yentengiso kwimakethi yezixhobo zonyango jikelele. I-United States ngoyena mvelisi umkhulu kunye nomthengi kwizixhobo zonyango, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuhleli kwindawo ephambili kushishino. Phakathi kwezixhobo eziphambili zonyango emhlabeni, i-United States inelona nani likhulu leenkampani zezixhobo zonyango kunye neeakhawunti kwelona nani likhulu.
Eli nqaku ikakhulu lazisa ngokusetyenziswa kweeplastikhi zobunjineli kwezonyango, eziqulathwe zizinto ezilula ukwenza inkqubo. Ezi plastiki zithanda ukuba zibiza kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nobunzima, kuba uninzi lwezixhobo zilahlekile ngenxa yenkunkuma ngexesha lokulungiswa.
Intshayelelo kwiiplastiki zobunjineli eziqhelekileyo kwicandelo lezonyango
I-Acrylonitrile Butadiene Isitayile (ABS)
I-terpolymer yenziwe nge-SAN (i-styrene-acrylonitrile) kunye ne-butadiene synthetic rubber. Ukusuka kubume bayo, ikhonkco eliphambili le-ABS linokuba yi-BS, i-AB, i-AS, kwaye ikhonkco lesetyana elihambelanayo linokuba yi-AS, S, AB kunye nezinye izinto.
I-ABS yipolymer apho isigabaserabha sisasazeka kwisigaba esiqhubekayo sentlaka. Ke ngoko, ayisiyi-copolymer okanye umxube wezi monomers zintathu, i-SAN (i-styrene-acrylonitrile), enika ubulukhuni be-ABS kunye nokugqitywa komphezulu, kodwa i-butadiene inika ubunzima bayo, umlinganiso wezi zinto zintathu unokulungiswa njengoko kufuneka. Iiplastikhi zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukwenza amacwecwe ama-intshi ama-4-intshi kunye ne-6-intshi ububanzi beentonga, ezinokudityaniswa ngokulula kwaye zilaminishwe ukwenza iipleyiti ezomeleleyo kunye nezinto. Ngenxa yexabiso elifanelekileyo kunye nokusebenza ngokulula, yinto eyaziwayo yokulawulwa kwamanani ekhompyuter (i-CNC) yeeprototypes zokuvelisa.
I-ABS ihlala isetyenziselwa ukwenza i-blister yezixhobo ezinkulu zonyango. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, i-ABS ezaliswe yifayibha yeglasi isetyenziswe kwiindawo ezininzi.
Intsimbi ye-Acrylic (PMMA)
Intsimbi ye-Acrylic yenye yeeplastikhi zonyango zokuqala, kwaye isasetyenziswa ngokuxhaphakileyo ekubumbeni kokubuyiselwa kwe-anaplastic. * I-acrylic sisiseko se-polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA).
I-resin ye-Acrylic yomelele, icacile, iyacwangciswa kwaye iyabopheka. Enye indlela eqhelekileyo yokubopha i-acrylic kukusombulula i-solvent kunye ne-methyl chloride. I-acrylic ineentlobo phantse ezingenamda zeentonga, iimilo zephepha kunye neepleyiti, kunye nemibala eyahlukeneyo. Ii-resin ze-Acrylic zilungele ngokukodwa imibhobho yokukhanya kunye nokusetyenziswa okubonakalayo.
Intsimbi ye-Acrylic yokubonisa kunye nokubonisa inokusetyenziselwa uvavanyo lweebhentshi kunye neeprototypes; Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kuthathwe inkathalo ukumisela uhlobo lwenqanaba lonyango ngaphambi kokuyisebenzisa nakuluphi na uvavanyo lwezonyango. I-resins ye-acrylic grade yorhwebo inokuqulatha ukunganyangeki kwe-UV, ukugcinwa kwamadangatye, ukuguqula iimpembelelo kunye nezinye iikhemikhali, ezenza zingakulungelanga ukusetyenziswa kwezonyango.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
I-PVC ineefom ezimbini, eziqinileyo kwaye ziguquguqukayo, kuxhomekeke ekubeni ziyongezwa okanye hayi iiplasticizers. I-PVC ihlala isetyenziselwa imibhobho yamanzi. Ezona ntsilelo ziphambili zePV kukunganyangeki kakuhle kwemozulu, amandla anefuthe eliphantsi, kunye nobunzima bephepha le-thermoplastic liphezulu kakhulu (i-gravity 1.35) ethile. Iyakrwemka ngokulula okanye yonakaliswe, kwaye inendawo ephantsi yokufudumeza ubushushu (160).
I-PVC engacwangciswanga iveliswa ngeendlela ezimbini eziphambili: Uhlobo I (ukumelana nokubola) kunye nohlobo II (ifuthe eliphezulu). Uhlobo I-PVC yeyona PVC isetyenziswa ngokuxhaphakileyo, kodwa kwizicelo ezifuna amandla eempembelelo aphezulu kunohlobo I, Uhlobo II lunokuchasana okungcono kunye nokuncipha komhlwa. Kwizicelo ezifuna ukwenziwa kobushushu obuphezulu, i-polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) yezicelo zokucoceka okuphezulu inokusetyenziswa malunga ne-280 ° F.
Iimveliso zonyango ezenziwe ngeplastic polyvinyl chloride (plasticizedpvc) ekuqaleni zazisetyenziselwa ukubuyisela irabha yendalo kunye neglasi kwizixhobo zonyango. Isizathu soku kutshintshwa yile: izinto zeplastiki zeplvinyl chloride zicocwa ngokulula ngakumbi, zicace gca, kwaye zinokuzinza okungcono kwemichiza kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwezoqoqosho. Iimveliso zeplastiki ze-polyvinyl chloride kulula ukuzisebenzisa, kwaye ngenxa yokuthamba kwazo kunye nokuqina, banokukuphepha ukonakalisa izicubu ezibuthathaka zesigulana kwaye kuthintele ukwenza isigulana sizive singonwabanga.
IPolycarbonate (PC)
I-Polycarbonate (i-PC) yeyona plastiki inzima esekuhleni kwaye iluncedo kakhulu kwizixhobo zonyango, ngakumbi ukuba kusetyenziswa ukunyanga i-UV. I-PC ineendlela ezininzi zentonga, ipleyiti kunye nephepha, kulula ukudibanisa.
Nangona ngaphezulu kweempawu zokusebenza ezilishumi elinambini zePC zinokusetyenziswa zodwa okanye ngokudibeneyo, ezisixhenxe zihlala zixhomekeke kuzo. I-PC inamandla amakhulu empembelelo, ukungafihli nto ekuhleni kwamanzi, ukumelana okuhle, ububanzi bokusebenza obusebenzayo, uzinzo olulinganiselweyo, ukunxiba ukumelana, ubulukhuni kunye nokuqina, nangona kunjalo.
I-PC icinywa ngokulula kukucoca i-radiation, kodwa amanqanaba okuzinza kwemitha ayafumaneka.
Polypropylene (PP)
I-PP bubunzima bokukhanya, ixabiso leplastiki yeplyolefin enexabiso eliphantsi elinendawo yokunyibilika ephantsi, ngoko ke ilungele kakhulu ukufometha ukutya kunye nokupakisha ukutya. I-PP inokutsha, ke ukuba ufuna ukumelana nomlilo, jonga amabakala amadangatye (FR). I-PP iyamelana nokugoba, okwaziwa ngokuba yi "100-fold glue". Kwizicelo ezifuna ukugoba, iPP inokusetyenziswa.
Polyethylene (PE)
I-Polyethylene (PE) yinto esetyenziswa ngokuxhaphakileyo ekupakisheni nasekuqhubeni ukutya. Ubunzima be-molecular polyethylene (UHMWPE) ene-high-high molecular weight (UHMWPE) inokuxhathisa okuphezulu, ukungavumelani okuphantsi, ukuzithambisa, ukungahambelani kunye nokuxhalaba kweekhemikhali. Ikwagcina ukusebenza okuphezulu kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi kakhulu (umzekelo, initrogen engamanzi, -259 ° C). I-UHMWPE iqala ukuthamba malunga ne-185 ° F kwaye ilahlekelwe kukuxhathisa kwayo.
Kuba i-UHMWPE inokwanda okuphezulu kunye nenqanaba lokuncipha xa iqondo lobushushu litshintsha, ayikhuthazwa into yokuba kusetyenziswe unyamezelo kwezi ndawo.
Ngenxa yamandla ayo aphakamileyo aphezulu, umphezulu onganyanzelekanga, i-PE kunokuba nzima ukuyidibanisa. Izixhobo zilula kakhulu ukudibana kunye neziqhoboshi, uphazamiseko okanye uqhwithela. ILoctite ivelisa i-cyanoacrylate adhesives (CYA) (LoctitePrism surface -ensensitive CYA and primer) yokudibanisa ezi ntlobo zeeplastiki.
I-UHMWPE ikwasetyenziselwa ukufakelwa kwamathambo ngempumelelo enkulu. Yeyona nto isetyenziswa ngokuxhaphakileyo kwindebe ye-acetabular ngexesha lokuqina kwe-hip arthroplasty kunye neyona nto ixhaphakileyo kwicandelo le-tibial Plateau ngexesha elipheleleyo le-arthroplasty. Kufanelekile ukuba icobalt-chromium alloy. * Nceda uqaphele ukuba izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokufakelwa kwamathambo zizinto ezizodwa, hayi iinguqulelo zeshishini. Ibanga lezonyango i-UHMWPE ithengiswa phantsi kwegama lezorhwebo iLennite nguWestlake Plastics (uLenni, PA).
IPolyoxymethylene (POM)
UDuPont's Delrin yenye yezona zi-POM zaziwa kakhulu, kwaye uninzi lwabayili bayalisebenzisa eli gama ukubhekisa kule plastiki. I-POM yenziwe ngokudibeneyo ukusuka kwi-formaldehyde. I-POM ekuqaleni yaphuhliswa kwii-1950s zokuqala njengezinto ezinobunzima, ezinokumelana nobushushu ezingafakwanga intsimbi, ezaziwa njenge "Saigang". Yiplastiki elukhuni kunye nomlingani ophantsi wokungqubana kunye namandla aphezulu.
UDelrin kunye ne-POM efanayo kunzima ukudibanisa, kwaye indibano yoomatshini yeyona ilungileyo. UDelrin uqhele ukusetyenziselwa izixhobo zomatshini zonyango kunye nezinto ezivaliweyo. Iqhubekeka kakhulu, ke ilunge kakhulu kwiiprototypes zezixhobo zoomatshini ezifuna amandla, ukumelana neekhemikhali kunye nezinto ezihlangabezana nemigangatho ye-FDA.
Enye into engalunganga kwi-Delrin kukuziva uziva ukuba inzalo ayisebenzi, nto leyo edla ngokwenza ukuba iPOM ibe krakra. Ukuba inzalo ye-radiation, i-snap fit, inkqubo yeplastiki yentsasa kunye necandelo elincinci phantsi komthwalo linokuphuka. Ukuba ufuna ukubola iintsholongwane ze-B-POM, nceda uqwalasele ukusebenzisa i-EtO, iSteris okanye ii-autoclaves, kuxhomekeke ekubeni isixhobo sinazo na izinto ezibuthathaka, ezinje ngezixhobo ze-elektroniki.
Nylon (PA)
Inayiloni iyafumaneka ngo-6/6 no-6/12 formulations. Inylon yomelele kwaye ayimelana nobushushu. Izichongi ze-6/6 kunye ne-6/12 zibhekisa kwinani leeathom zekhabhoni kwityathanga le-polymer, kunye ne-6/12 yinylon ende ende enoxinzelelo oluphezulu lobushushu. Inayiloni ayiqhubekeki njenge-ABS okanye i-Delrin (i-POM) kuba ihlala ishiya iitshipsi ezinamathelayo kwimiphetho yamacandelo anokufuna ukuphazamiseka.
I-Nylon 6, eyona nto inyusiweyo yeyinyiloni, eyaphuhliswa yiDuPont ngaphambi kweMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi. Nangona kunjalo, bekungekho ngo-1956, kunye nokufunyanwa kweekhompawundi (ii-co-catalysts kunye nee-accelerators) ezenza ukuba i-nylon ibe nakho ukurhweba. Ngobu buchwephesha butsha, isantya sokumodareyitha sonyuswe kakhulu, kwaye amanyathelo afunekayo ekuphumezeni ukulungiswa kwawo ancitshisiwe.
Ngenxa yezithintelo ezimbalwa zokuqhubekeka, i-nylon 6 ebunjiweyo ibonelela ngobukhulu obukhulu beemilo kunye nemilo yesiko yayo nayiphi na i-thermoplastic. Ukuphosa kubandakanya imivalo, iityhubhu, iityhubhu kunye neepleyiti. Ubungakanani bazo buqala kwi-1 yeepawundi ukuya kuma-400 eepawundi.
Izinto zenayiloni zinamandla oomatshini kunye nolusu-luhlobo luziva ngathi izinto eziqhelekileyo azinazo. Nangona kunjalo, izixhobo zonyango ezilahla i-orthoses, izihlalo ezinamavili zokubuyisela imeko esiqhelweni, kunye neebhedi zabahlengikazi zonyango zihlala zifuna iinxalenye ezinomthwalo othile wokuthwala umthwalo, ke i-PA66 + 15% GF ikhethwa ngokubanzi.
I-Ethylene Propylene (FEP)
I-ethylene propylene (FEP) ene-Fluorinated propylene (FEP) inazo zonke iipropathi ezinqwenelekayo ze-tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) (polytetrafluoroethylene [PTFE]), kodwa inobushushu obuphantsi bokuphila obungama-200 ° C (392 ° F). Ngokungafaniyo ne-PTFE, i-FEP inokubumba ngenaliti kwaye ikhutshelwe kwimivalo, iityhubhu kunye neeprofayili ezikhethekileyo ngeendlela eziqhelekileyo. Oku kuba kuyilo kunye nokulungiswa kwesibonelelo ngaphezulu kwe-PTFE. Imivalo ukuya kwii-intshi ze-4.5 kunye neepleyiti ukuya kwii-intshi ezimbini ziyafumaneka. Ukusebenza kwe-FEP phantsi kwenzalo ye-radiation kubhetele kancinci kune-PTFE.
Iiplastikhi zobunjineli ezisemgangathweni ophezulu
IPolyetherimide (PEI)
I-Ultem 1000 yi-polymer ye-thermoplastic polyetherimide ephezulu yokushisa, eyenziwe yi-General Electric Inkampani yokubumba inaliti. Ngokuphuhliswa kwetekhnoloji entsha ye-extrusion, abavelisi abanjengo-AL Hyde, uGehr kunye no-Ensinger bavelisa iimodeli ezahlukeneyo kunye nobukhulu be-Ultem 1000. I-Ultem 1000 idibanisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwaye ineendleko zokonga iindleko xa kuthelekiswa ne-PES, i-PEEK kunye neKapton kwizicelo ezinobushushu obuphezulu (ukusetyenziswa okuqhubekayo ukuya kuthi ga kwi-340 ° F). I-Ultem inokubakho ngokuzenzekelayo.
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
I-Polyetheretherketone (i-PEEK) luphawu lwentengiso lwe-Victrex plc (e-UK), i-crystalline yeqondo lobushushu eliphezulu elinobushushu obugqwesileyo kunye nokumelana neekhemikhali, kunye nokumelana nokunxiba okugqwesileyo kunye nokudinwa okunamandla. Kuyacetyiswa ngezinto zombane ezifuna ubushushu obuqhubekayo obuphezulu bokusebenza (480 ° F), kunye nokukhupha okuphantsi kakhulu komsi kunye nomphunga oyityhefu ovezwe kwilangatye.
I-PEEK idibana neeLebhu zeLabhoratri ezingaphantsi (UL) 94 V-0 iimfuno, 0.080 intshi. Imveliso inokuxhathisa okunamandla kakhulu kwimitha ye-gamma, nangaphezulu kokugqitha kwepolystyrene. Isisombululo kuphela esiqhelekileyo esinokuhlasela i-PEEK yi-acid ye-sulfuric acid. I-PEEK inokumelana ngokugqibeleleyo ne-hydrolysis kwaye inokusebenza ngomphunga ukuya kuthi ga kwi-500 ° F.
IPolytrafrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
I-TFE okanye i-PTFE (i-polytetrafluoroethylene), edla ngokubizwa ngokuba yiTeflon, yenye yeentlobo ezintathu ze-fluorocarbon resins kwiqela le-fluorocarbon, eliqulathe ngokupheleleyo i-fluorine kunye nekhabhoni. Ezinye iintlanzi ezikweli qela, zikwabizwa ngokuba yiTeflon, zii-perfluoroalkoxy fluorocarbon (PFA) kunye ne-FEP.
Imikhosi ebopha i-fluorine kunye nekhabhoni kunye ibonelela ngesinye sezona zibophelelwano zomeleleyo zamachiza phakathi kweeathom ezilungelelaniswe kakuhle. Iziphumo zamandla ebhondi kunye nolungelelwaniso lwetyathanga lixinene, lingena ngamachiza, kwaye linepolymer ezinzileyo ngokwasemoyeni.
I-TFE iyamelana nobushushu kwaye phantse zonke izinto zamachiza. Ngaphandle kohlobo oluthile lwangaphandle, alunakunyibilika kuyo yonke into ephilayo. Ukusebenza kombane kuhle kakhulu. Nangona inamandla amakhulu empembelelo, xa kuthelekiswa nobunye ubunjineli be-thermoplastics, ukuxhathisa kwayo, amandla aqine kunye nokuxhathisa okunqabileyo kuphantsi.
I-TFE ineyona nto iphantsi yokuchithwa kwe-dielectric rhoqo kunye neyona nto iphantsi yokuchithwa kwazo zonke izinto eziqinileyo. Ngenxa yokunxibelelana ngamandla kweekhemikhali, i-TFE iphantse ingathandeki kwiimolekyuli ezahlukeneyo. Oku kukhokelela kumlingani wokukhuhlana osezantsi njenge-0.05. Nangona i-PTFE inomlingani ophantsi wokungqubana, ayifanelekanga kwizicelo zokuthwala umthwalo ngenxa yokuxhathisa kwayo okuphantsi kunye neepropathi zokunxiba eziphantsi. Umnumzana John Charnley wayifumanisa le ngxaki emsebenzini wakhe wokuba nguvulindlela kutshintsho lwe-hip xa uphela nge-1950s.
IPolysulfone
IPolysulfone ekuqaleni yayiphuhliswa yi-BP Amoco kwaye ngoku yenziwe nguSolvay phantsi kwegama lezorhwebo u-Udel, kwaye ipolyphenylsulfone ithengiswa phantsi kwegama lorhwebo iRadel.
I-Polysulfone yinto enzima, eqinile, enamandla amakhulu ebonakalayo (i-amber ekhanyayo) ye-thermoplastic enokugcina iipropathi zayo kubushushu obubanzi ukusuka -150 ° F ukuya ku-300 ° F. Yenzelwe izixhobo ezivunyiweyo ze-FDA, ikwadlulise zonke iimvavanyo ze-USP Class VI (zebhayoloji). Iyahlangabezana nemigangatho yamanzi okusela yeNational Sanitation Foundation, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-180 ° F. IPolysulfone inokuqina okuphezulu kakhulu. Emva kokuvezwa kwamanzi abilayo okanye umoya kwi-300 ° F, utshintsho olwenziweyo oluqhelekileyo luhlala lube sisinye se-1% okanye ngaphantsi. I-Polysulfone inokumelana okuphezulu kwii-acid ezingaphiliyo, ialkalis kunye nezisombululo zetyuwa; nakumaqondo obushushu aphezulu phantsi koxinzelelo olulinganiselweyo, inokumelana kakuhle nezicoci kunye neoyile yehydrocarbon. I-Polysulfone ayixhathisi kwizinyibilikisi ze-polar eziphilayo ezinje ngeetoni, iihydrocarboni ezineklorin kunye neehydrocarbon ezinamakha.
I-Radel isetyenziselwa iitreyi zezixhobo ezifuna ukumelana nobushushu obuphezulu kunye namandla eempembelelo aphezulu, kunye nakwizicelo zetreyi yesithuthi e-autoclave. I-resin yobunjineli yePolysulfone idibanisa ukomelela okuphezulu kunye nokuxhathisa ixesha elide ukuphindaphindwa kwenzalo. Ezi polima zibonakalise ukuba zezinye iindlela zentsimbi kunye neglasi. Ibanga lezonyango i-polysulfone ayifakwanga ngokwasendalweni, inobomi obude obukhethekileyo kwinkqubo yozala, inokubaselubala okanye ingabonakali, kwaye iyamelana neekhemikhali zesibhedlele esiqhelekileyo.
