Eminyakeni yamuva nje, imboni yamathuluzi wezokwelapha emhlabeni wonke igcine ukukhula okusheshayo nokuzinzile, ngezinga lokukhula elijwayelekile elicishe libe yi-4%, eliphakeme kunesilinganiso sokukhula komnotho kuzwelonke ngesikhathi esifanayo. I-United States, iYurophu, kanye neJapan ngokuhlanganyela bahlala esikhungweni semakethe enkulu emakethe yedivayisi yokwelashwa yomhlaba. I-United States ingumkhiqizi nomthengi omkhulu kunabo bonke emhlabeni wezinto zokwelashwa, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwayo kusesikhundleni esiphambili embonini. Phakathi kwemidondoshiya ephezulu yamathuluzi wezokwelapha emhlabeni, i-United States inenani elikhulu kakhulu lezinkampani zemishini yezokwelapha kanye nama-akhawunti wesilinganiso esikhulu kunazo zonke.
Le ndatshana yethula ikakhulukazi ama-plastiki asetshenziswa ejwayelekile kwezobunjiniyela, akhiwe ngezinto ezinokuma okulula ukuzicubungula. Lezi zepulasitiki zivame ukubiza kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nesisindo, ngoba izinto eziningi zilahleka ngenxa yemfucumfucu ngenkathi kucutshungulwa.
Isingeniso sepulasitiki ejwayelekile yobunjiniyela emkhakheni wezokwelapha
I-Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
I-terpolymer yenziwe nge-SAN (i-styrene-acrylonitrile) kanye ne-butadiene synthetic rubber. Kusukela ekwakhiweni kwayo, uchungechunge olukhulu lwe-ABS kungaba yi-BS, i-AB, i-AS, futhi iketango legatsha elihambelanayo lingaba yi-AS, S, AB nezinye izinto.
I-ABS iyi-polymer lapho isigabasenjoloba sisakazeka khona esigabeni esiqhubekayo senhlaka. Ngakho-ke, akuyona nje i-copolymer noma ingxube yalawa ma-monomers amathathu, i-SAN (i-styrene-acrylonitrile), enikeza ubulukhuni be-ABS nokuqedwa kwendawo, kodwa i-butadiene inikela Ngokuqina kwayo, isilinganiso salezi zingxenye ezintathu singalungiswa njengoba kudingeka. Ama-plastiki ajwayele ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza amapuleti awugqinsi angu-4-intshi nezinduku zobubanzi obungu-6-intshi, ezingaboshwa kalula futhi zinamathiselwe ukwakha amapuleti nezinsimbi ezijiyile. Ngenxa yezindleko zayo ezifanele nokusetshenzwa kalula, kuyinto ethandwayo yokulawulwa kwamakhompiyutha wokulawulwa kwamanani wekhompyutha (CNC).
I-ABS ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuqhumisa amagobolondo amakhulu emishini yezokwelapha. Eminyakeni yamuva, i-ABS egcwele ingilazi yefayibha isetshenziswe ezindaweni eziningi.
Inhlaka ye-Acrylic (PMMA)
I-resin ye-Acrylic empeleni ingenye yamaplastiki wedivayisi yezokwelapha yokuqala, futhi isasetshenziswa kakhulu ekubunjweni kokubuyiselwa kwe-anaplastic. * I-Acrylic ngokuyisisekelo i-polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA).
I-resin ye-Acrylic inamandla, icacile, iyasebenziseka futhi iyabopheka. Enye indlela ejwayelekile yokuhlanganisa i-acrylic ukuhlanganisa i-solvent ne-methyl chloride. I-Acrylic inezinhlobo ezicishe zingenamkhawulo zezinduku, ukwakheka kwamashidi namacwecwe, nemibala ehlukahlukene. Izinhlaka ze-Acrylic zilungele ikakhulukazi amapayipi alula nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezibonakalayo.
I-resin ye-Acrylic yezimpawu nokubonisa ingasetshenziselwa ukuhlolwa kwebhentshimakhi nama-prototypes; kodwa-ke, ukunakekelwa kufanele kuthathwe ukunquma inguqulo yebanga lezokwelapha ngaphambi kokuyisebenzisa kunoma yiziphi izivivinyo zokwelashwa. Izinhlaka ze-acrylic zebanga lokuhweba zingaqukatha ukumelana ne-UV, ukuvimbela amalangabi, izinguquko zomthelela namanye amakhemikhali, okwenza zingakulungeli ukusetshenziswa komtholampilo.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
I-PVC inezinhlobo ezimbili, eziqinile nezishintshashintshayo, kuya ngokuthi i-plasticizers iyangezwa noma cha. I-PVC ivame ukusetshenziselwa amapayipi amanzi. Ububi obukhulu be-PVC ukungavumelani kahle kwesimo sezulu, amandla okuba nomthelela ophansi, futhi isisindo seshidi le-thermoplastic siphakeme kakhulu (amandla adonsela phansi 1.35). Iklwebheka noma ilimale kalula, futhi inephoyinti lokushisa elishisayo eliphansi uma kuqhathaniswa (160).
I-PVC engafakwanga iphrinta yenziwa ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko: Uhlobo I (ukumelana nokugqwala) nohlobo II (umthelela omkhulu). Uhlobo I-PVC yi-PVC esetshenziswa kakhulu, kepha kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga amandla amakhulu womthelela kune-Type I, Uhlobo II lunokumelana nomthelela ongcono futhi kunciphise ukumelana nokugqwala kancane. Kuzicelo ezidinga ukwakheka kokushisa okuphezulu, i-polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) yezicelo zokuhlanzeka okuphezulu ingasetshenziswa cishe ku-280 ° F.
Imikhiqizo yezokwelapha eyenziwe nge-plasticized polyvinyl chloride (i-plasticizedpvc) ekuqaleni yayisetshenziselwa ukufaka esikhundleni senjoloba nengilazi emishini yezokwelapha. Isizathu sokufakwa esikhundleni salokhu: izinto zeplastiki zeplvinyl chloride zenzelwa inzalo kalula, zisobala, futhi zinokuzinza okungcono kwamakhemikhali nokusebenza komnotho. Imikhiqizo eyenziwe ngeplastikhi ye-polyvinyl chloride kulula ukuyisebenzisa, futhi ngenxa yobuntofontofo bayo nokuqina kwayo, ingagwema ukulimaza izicubu ezibucayi zesiguli futhi igweme ukwenza isiguli sizizwe singakhululekile.
I-Polycarbonate (PC)
IPolycarbonate (PC) iyipulasitiki esobala enzima kunayo yonke futhi ilusizo kakhulu kumadivayisi wezokwelapha wesibonelo, ikakhulukazi uma kuzosetshenziswa ukubopha ukwelashwa kwe-UV. I-PC inezinhlobo eziningana zenduku, ipuleti neshidi, kulula ukuyihlanganisa.
Yize ngaphezulu kokusebenza kweshumi nambili kokusebenza kwe-PC kungasetshenziswa kukodwa noma kuhlanganisiwe, eziyisikhombisa kuvame ukuthembela kuzo. I-PC inamandla amakhulu omthelela, ukubonakala kwamanzi okusobala, ukumelana okuhle, ububanzi bokushisa obusebenzayo, ukuqina kobukhulu, ukugqoka ukumelana, ukuqina nokuqina, naphezu kokuthamba kwayo.
I-PC ishintsha kalula umbala ngokuvala inzalo ngemisebe, kepha amamaki wokuqina kwemisebe ayatholakala.
I-Polypropylene (PP)
I-PP isisindo esincane, ipulasitiki engabizi kakhulu enephuzu lokuncibilika okuphansi, ngakho-ke ilungele kakhulu ukupakisha nge-thermoforming kanye nokudla. I-PP iyatsha, ngakho-ke uma udinga ukumelana nomlilo, funa amamaki abonisa ilangabi (FR). I-PP iyamelana nokugoba, okwaziwa kakhulu njenge- "100-fold glue". Kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga ukugoba, i-PP ingasetshenziswa.
I-Polyethylene (PE)
I-Polyethylene (PE) yinto esetshenziswa kakhulu ekupakisheni nasekucubunguleni ukudla. I-ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) inokuqina kokugqoka okuphezulu, i-coefficient ephansi yokuphikisana, i-self-lubricity, i-surface non-adhesion kanye nokumelana okuhle kwamakhemikhali ukukhathala. Futhi igcina ukusebenza okuphezulu emazingeni okushisa aphansi ngokweqile (ngokwesibonelo, i-liquid nitrogen, -259 ° C). I-UHMWPE iqala ukuthamba cishe nge-185 ° F futhi ilahlekelwe ukumelana kwayo ne-abrasion.
Njengoba i-UHMWPE inenani lokukhuphuka eliphakeme kakhulu kanye nesilinganiso sokuncipha lapho izinga lokushisa lishintsha, akunconywa ngezicelo zokubekezelela okusondele kulezi zindawo.
Ngenxa yamandla ayo aphezulu engaphezulu, indawo enganamatheli, i-PE ingaba nzima ukubopha. Izingxenye zilula ukuhlangana ndawonye nezibopho, ukuphazanyiswa noma izifinyezo. ILoctite ikhiqiza okunamathelayo kwe-cyanoacrylate (CYA) (i-LoctitePrism surface -ensensitive CYA kanye ne-primer) yokuhlanganisa lezi zinhlobo zepulasitiki.
I-UHMWPE ibuye isetshenziswe ekufakweni kwamathambo ngempumelelo enkulu. Yinto esetshenziswa kakhulu enkomishini ye-acetabular ngesikhathi se-hip arthroplasty ephelele kanye nezinto ezivame kakhulu engxenyeni yethafa le-tibial ngesikhathi se-knee arthroplasty ephelele. Ifanelekile i-cobalt-chromium alloy. * Sicela wazi ukuthi izinto ezilungele ukufakelwa kwamathambo yizinto ezikhethekile, hhayi izinhlobo zezimboni. Ibanga lezokwelapha i-UHMWPE lithengiswa ngaphansi kwegama lokuhweba elithi Lennite yiWestlake Plastics (Lenni, PA).
I-Polyoxymethylene (POM)
I-Delrin yakwaDuPont ingenye yama-POM aziwa kakhulu, futhi iningi labaklami basebenzisa leli gama ukubhekisa kulo plastiki. I-POM ihlanganiswe kusuka ku-formaldehyde. I-POM yasungulwa ekuqaleni kwawo-1950 njengensimbi eqinile, engamelana nokushisa engangeni endaweni yensimbi, eyaziwa njenge "Saigang". Kuyipulasitiki elukhuni ene-coefficient ephansi yokungqubuzana namandla amakhulu.
I-Delrin ne-POM efanayo kunzima ukuzihlanganisa, futhi ukuhlangana ngomshini kungcono kakhulu. I-Delrin ijwayele ukusetshenziselwa ama-prototypes wedivayisi yezokwelapha nezinto ezivalekile. Iyacutshungulwa kakhulu, ngakho-ke ilungele kakhulu izibonelo zemishini yemishini edinga amandla, ukumelana namakhemikhali nezinto zokwakha ezihlangabezana nezindinganiso ze-FDA.
Okunye ukungalungi kwe-Delrin ukuzwela kwayo ekuvimbeleni inzalo ngemisebe, okuvame ukwenza iPOM ibe brittle. Uma inzalo yemisebe, i-snap fit, ipulasitiki entwasahlobo kanye nesigaba esincanyana ngaphansi komthwalo kungaphuka. Uma ufuna ukufaka inzalo izingxenye ze-B-POM, sicela ucabangele ukusebenzisa i-EtO, iSteris noma i-autoclaves, ngokuya ngokuthi ngabe le divayisi inezinto ezibucayi, njengamadivayisi kagesi.
I-Nylon (PA)
Inayiloni itholakala ngo-6/6 no-6/12 formulations. Inayiloni inzima futhi ayikwazi ukumelana nokushisa. Okokuhlonza u-6/6 no-6/12 kubhekise kwinani lama-athomu ekhabhoni ku-polymer chain, kanti u-6/12 uyinyoni enezintambo ezinde enokumelana nokushisa okuphezulu. Inayiloni ayicubunguleki njenge-ABS noma iDelrin (POM) ngoba ijwayele ukushiya ama-chips anamathele emaphethelweni ezingxenye ezingadinga ukukhishwa.
Inayiloni 6, into ejwayelekile kunazo zonke yi-cast nylon, eyakhiwa yiDuPont ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe II. Kodwa-ke, kwaze kwaba ngo-1956, lapho kutholakala izinhlanganisela (ama-co-catalysts kanye nama-accelerator) lapho i-nylon yaba khona ngokuhweba. Ngalobu buchwepheshe obusha, ijubane le-polymerization lenyuka kakhulu, futhi izinyathelo ezidingekayo zokufeza i-polymerization ziyancipha.
Ngenxa yemikhawulo embalwa yokucubungula, i-castiloni inayiloni 6 inikela ngosayizi wamalungu afanayo amakhulu kakhulu nomumo wangokwezifiso wanoma iyiphi i-thermoplastic. Ukusakaza kufaka imigoqo, amashubhu, amashubhu kanye namapuleti. Usayizi wazo usukela kumakhilogremu angu-1 kuye kumakhilogremu angama-400.
Izinto zenayiloni zinamandla wokukhanda futhi zinobungane besikhumba zinomuzwa wokuthi izinto ezijwayelekile azinazo. Kodwa-ke, ama-orthoses ezinyawo zezinto zokwelashwa, izihlalo ezinamasondo zokuvuselela, nemibhede yabahlengikazi bezokwelapha imvamisa idinga izingxenye ezinamandla athwala umthwalo, ngakho-ke kukhethwa i-PA66 + 15% GF.
I-Ethylene Propylene (FEP)
I-Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) inazo zonke izinto ezifiselekayo ze-tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) (polytetrafluoroethylene [PTFE]), kodwa inezinga lokushisa eliphansi lokusinda elingama-200 ° C (392 ° F). Ngokungafani ne-PTFE, i-FEP ingaba umjovo obunjiwe futhi ukhishwe emigoqweni, amashubhu namaphrofayli akhethekile ngezindlela ezijwayelekile. Lokhu kuba inzuzo yokuqamba nokucubungula ngaphezulu kwe-PTFE. Amabha angafika kumasentimitha angu-4.5 namacwecwe afinyelela kuma-intshi amabili ayatholakala Ukusebenza kwe-FEP ngaphansi kokuvimbela inzalo ngemisebe kungconywana kune-PTFE.
Ama-plastiki asebenza kahle kakhulu
I-Polyetherimide (PEI)
I-Ultem 1000 iyi-polymer ephezulu yokushisa okushisayo kwe-thermoplastic, eklanyelwe yiGeneral Electric Company yokubumba umjovo. Ngokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obusha be-extrusion, abakhiqizi abanjengo-AL Hyde, Gehr no-Ensinger bakhiqiza amamodeli nosayizi abahlukahlukene be-Ultem 1000. I-Ultem 1000 ihlanganisa ukucubungula okuhle kakhulu futhi inezinzuzo zokonga izindleko uma kuqhathaniswa ne-PES, PEEK neKapton kuzinhlelo zokusebenza eziphezulu zokushisa (ukusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo kuze kufike ku-340 ° F). I-Ultem iyatholakala ngokuzenzakalela.
I-Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
I-Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) wuphawu lokuhweba lwe-Victrex plc (UK), i-crystalline ephezulu yokushisa i-thermoplastic enokushisa okuhle nokumelana namakhemikhali, kanye nokumelana okuhle kakhulu kokugqoka kanye nokumelana nokukhathala okunamandla. Kunconywa ngezinto zikagesi ezidinga ukushisa okuqhubekayo okuqhubekayo (480 ° F), kanye nokukhishwa okuphansi kakhulu kwentuthu nentuthu enobuthi evezwe amalangabi.
I-PEEK ihlangabezana nezidingo ze-Underwriters Laboratories (UL) 94 V-0, amasentimitha angu-0.080. Umkhiqizo unokumelana okuqinile ngokweqile nemisebe ye-gamma, ngisho nokudlula leyo ye-polystyrene. Okuwukuphela kwe-solvent ejwayelekile engahlasela i-PEEK yi-acid egxilile ye-sulfuric. I-PEEK inokumelana okuhle kakhulu kwe-hydrolysis futhi ingasebenza ku-steam kuze kufike ku-500 ° F.
I-Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
I-TFE noma i-PTFE (i-polytetrafluoroethylene), evame ukubizwa nge-Teflon, ingenye yama-resin amathathu e-fluorocarbon eqenjini le-fluorocarbon, eliqukethe ngokuphelele i-fluorine ne-carbon. Amanye ama-resin akuleli qembu, aziwa nangokuthi yiTefon, yi-perfluoroalkoxy fluorocarbon (PFA) ne-FEP.
Amandla ahlanganisa i-fluorine ne-carbon ndawonye ahlinzeka ngesibopho esisodwa samakhemikhali esaziwa kakhulu phakathi kwama-athomu ahlelwe ngokulingana. Umphumela walokhu kuqina kwamandla we-bond plus ukumiswa kwamaketanga yi-polymer eminyene, engenamakhemikhali, ne-polymer ezinzile ngokomzimba.
I-TFE imelana nokushisa futhi cishe zonke izinto zamakhemikhali. Ngaphandle kwezinhlobo ezimbalwa zakwamanye amazwe, ayincibiliki kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Ukusebenza kwayo ngogesi kuhle kakhulu. Yize inamandla amakhulu omthelela, uma iqhathaniswa namanye ama-thermoplastics obunjiniyela, ukumelana kwayo nokugqoka, amandla we-tensile nokumelana ne-creep kuphansi.
I-TFE inesici sokucekela phansi esiphansi njalo futhi esiphansi kunazo zonke izinto eziqinile. Ngenxa yokuxhuma kwamakhemikhali aqinile, i-TFE icishe ingathandeki kuma-molecule ahlukene. Lokhu kuholela ku-coefficient ye-friction ephansi njengo-0.05. Yize i-PTFE ine-coefficient ephansi yokungqubuzana, ayifanele ukusetshenziswa kwamathambo othwala umthwalo ngenxa yokumelana kwayo okuphansi nezakhiwo zokugqoka eziphansi. USir John Charnley wayithola le nkinga emsebenzini wakhe wokuphayona ekushintsheni isinqe ngokuphelele ngasekupheleni kwawo-1950.
I-Polysulfone
IPolysulfone ekuqaleni yathuthukiswa yiBP Amoco futhi njengamanje yenziwa nguSolvay ngaphansi kwegama lokuhweba elithi Udel, kuthi ipolyphenylsulfone ithengiswe ngaphansi kwegama lokuhweba iRadel.
I-Polysulfone iyi-thermoplastic enzima, eqinile, enamandla amakhulu (i-amber elula) engagcina izakhiwo zayo ebangeni lokushisa elibanzi kusuka ku -150 ° F kuye ku-300 ° F. Idizayinelwe imishini evunyelwe yi-FDA, iphinde yadlulisa konke ukuhlolwa kwe-USP Class VI (biological). Ihlangabezana nezindinganiso zamanzi okuphuza zeNational Sanitation Foundation, kuze kufike ku-180 ° F. I-Polysulfone inokuqina okuphezulu kakhulu. Ngemuva kokuchayeka emanzini abilayo noma emoyeni ku-300 ° F, ushintsho lobukhulu bomugqa luvame ukuba yingxenye eyodwa kweziyishumi ze-1% noma ngaphansi. I-Polysulfone inokumelana okuphezulu kuma-acid wezinto ezingaphili, izithako ze-alkalis nosawoti; noma emazingeni okushisa aphakeme ngaphansi kwamazinga okucindezeleka aphakathi nendawo, inokumelana okuhle nezinsipho namafutha we-hydrocarbon. I-Polysulfone ayimelani namakhemikhali awuketshezi we-polar organic njengama-ketone, ama-hydrocarbon ama-chlorine nama-hydrocarbon anamakha.
I-Radel isetshenziselwa amatreyi wensimbi adinga ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu namandla amakhulu omthelela, kanye nezicelo zethreyi ye-autoclave yesibhedlela. I-resin yobunjiniyela bePolysulfone ihlanganisa amandla aphakeme nokumelana kwesikhathi eside nokuvinjelwa kwe-steam okuphindaphindiwe. Lawa ma-polymers akhombise ukuthi ayindlela ehlukile kunensimbi engagqwali nengilazi. Ibanga lezokwelapha i-polysulfone ayifakwanga ngokwemvelo, inokuphila okude okuhlukile kunqubo yokuvala inzalo, ingaba sobala noma i-opaque, futhi imelana namakhemikhali asesibhedlela ajwayelekile.
