I nā makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hoʻomau ka ʻoihana olakino honua i ka ulu wikiwiki a paʻa, me ka awelika o ka ulu ʻana ma kahi o 4%, ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka ulu hoʻokele waiwai o ka lāhui i ka manawa like. Hui pū ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻEulopa, a me Iapana i ke kūlana mākeke nui i ka mākeke lako lapaʻau honua. ʻO ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ka mea hana nui loa o ka honua a me nā mea kūʻai aku i nā mea olakino, a paʻa paʻa ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kūlana alakaʻi i ka ʻoihana. Ma waena o nā pilikua ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau kiʻekiʻe o ka honua, ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ka nui o nā ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā helu no ka helu nui loa.
Hoʻolauna pinepine kēia ʻatikala i nā plastics ʻenekini lapaʻau i hoʻohana mau ʻia, i haku ʻia me nā mea me nā ʻano hana maʻalahi. Kūleʻa paha kēia mau lula i ke kaumaha, no ka mea, ua nalowale ka hapa nui o nā mea ma muli o nā ʻōpala i ka wā o ka hana ʻana.
Hoʻolauna i nā mea ʻenehana ʻenekini maʻamau i ka lāʻau lapaʻau
ʻO Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
Hana ʻia ka terpolymer o SAN (styrene-acrylonitrile) a me ka butadiene synthetic rubber. Mai kona hanana, hiki i ke kaulahao nui o ABS ke BS, AB, AS, a me ke kaulahao lālā e pili ana hiki iā AS, S, AB a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ABS kahi polymer kahi e hoʻopuehu ʻia ai ke kāpili i ka manawa hoʻomau o ka kēpau. No laila, ʻaʻole ia he copolymer a i ʻole huikau o kēia mau monomers ʻekolu, SAN (styrene-acrylonitrile), ka mea e hāʻawi i ka paʻakikī ABS a me ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka ʻili, akā hāʻawi ʻo butadiene No kona paʻakikī, hiki ke hoʻoponopono i ka lakio o kēia mau ʻekolu e like me ka mea e pono ai. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā Plastics e hana i nā pā mānoanoa he 4 iniha a me nā koʻokoʻo 6-ʻīniha ke anawaena, i hiki ke hoʻopaʻa maʻalahi a lamineka ʻia e hana i nā papa mānoanoa a me nā ʻāpana. Ma muli o ke kumukūʻai kūpono a me ka hana maʻalahi, he mea makemake nui ʻia ia no ka mana helu kamepiula (CNC) hana prototypes.
Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo ABS e hōʻalo i nā pūpū pono lāʻau lapaʻau nui. I nā makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo ABS i ka pulina aniani i nā wahi hou aku.
Kēpau acrylic (PMMA)
ʻO ka resin acrylic kekahi o nā plastics mīkini lapaʻau mua loa, a hoʻohana mau ʻia ia i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o nā hoʻoliʻiliʻi anaplastic. * ʻO ka acrylic he polymethyl methacrylate maʻamau (PMMA).
He ikaika, maopopo, hana a paʻa a paʻa ka acrylic. ʻO kahi ala maʻamau o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka acrylic ka mea hoʻoheheʻe i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana me ka methyl chloride. ʻAkene ka palena ʻole o ka acrylic i nā ʻano koʻokoʻo, ka lau a me nā pā, a me nā kala like ʻole. Kūpono kūpono nā resin acrylic no nā paipu kukui a me nā noi ʻōnohi.
Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka resin acrylic no ka hōʻailona a me ka hōʻike no nā hoʻokolohua benchmark a me nā prototypes; akā, pono e mālama e hoʻoholo i ka mana o ka papa olakino ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana iā ia i nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua. Hiki i nā resins acrylic papa kalepa ke komo i ke kūpaʻa UV, nā pale ahi, nā hoʻololi hoʻololi a me nā kemika ʻē aʻe, kūpono ʻole iā lākou no ka hoʻohana pilikino.
ʻO Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
He ʻelua mau ʻano o ka PVC, ʻoʻoleʻa a maʻalahi hoʻi, e pili ana i ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻana o ka plasticizers a ʻaʻole paha. Hoʻohana mau ʻia ʻo PVC no nā paipu wai. ʻO nā hemahema nui o ka PVC ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi ʻole o ka wā, ka ikaika o ka hopena haʻahaʻa, a kiʻekiʻe ke kaumaha o ka pepa thermoplastic (1.35 umekaumaha). ʻ scrwili ʻia a ʻinoʻino paha ia, a he wahi hoʻohālikelike mehana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (160).
Hana ʻia ʻo PVC Unplasticized i loko o nā formulate nui ʻelua: ʻAno I (kūpaʻa ka popo) a me ʻAno II (hopena kiʻekiʻe). ʻO ka Type I PVC ka PVC i hoʻohana mau ʻia, akā i nā noi e koi ana i ka ikaika o ka hopena i ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻAno I, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hopena II a me ka hoʻēmi iki ʻana o ka ʻino. I nā noi e koi ana i nā hoʻolālā wela-kiʻekiʻe, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) no nā noi maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe ma kahi o 280 ° F.
Ua hoʻohana mua ʻia nā huahana lapaʻau i hana ʻia i ka polyvinyl chloride plasticized (plasticizedpvc) e pani i ke kāpili maoli a me ke aniani i nā pono olakino. ʻO ke kumu o ka hakahaka: ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka sterilized a me ka aniani moakaka a me ka maikaʻi o ke kemika. Maʻalahi ke hoʻohana ʻia nā huahana polyvinyl chloride plasticized, a ma muli o ko lākou palupalu a me ka lahilahi iho, hiki iā lākou ke hōʻalo i ka hōʻino ʻana i nā aʻa maʻi o ka mea maʻi a pale i ka hōʻoluʻolu ʻole o ka mea maʻi.
Polycarbonate (PC)
ʻO Polycarbonate (PC) ka plastic paʻakikī paʻakikī a pono loa ia no nā lāʻau lapaʻau prototype, keu hoʻi inā e hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana iā UV. He nui nā ʻano koʻokoʻo o ka PC, ka pā a me ka pale, he maʻalahi ke hoʻohui.
ʻOiai ʻoi aku i ka ʻumikūmālua hanana hana o kahi PC hiki ke hoʻohana hoʻokahi a i ʻole i ka hui pū ʻana, ʻehiku i hilinaʻi pinepine ʻia. He ikaika ka hopena o PC, ka wai aniani moakaka, ke aniani maikaʻi maikaʻi, ke ākea o ke ana wela, ka paʻa o ka dimensional, ka pale ʻana i ka paʻakikī, paʻakikī a me ka ʻoʻoleʻa, ʻoiai kona ductility.
Hoʻololi maʻalahi ʻia ʻo PC e ka radiation sterilization, akā loaʻa nā māka paʻa radiation.
Polypropylene (PP)
ʻO PP kahi māmā-kaumaha, pālolo polyolefin haʻahaʻa me kahi pae hoʻoheheʻe haʻahaʻa, no laila kūpono loa ia no ka thermoforming a me ka hoʻopili meaʻai. He lapalapa ʻo PP, no laila inā ʻoe e pale i ke ahi, e nānā i nā māka retardant (FR). Kūpale ʻo PP i ke kūlou, ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he "glue 100-pā". No nā noi e koi i ke kūlou, hiki i PP ke hoʻohana.
Polyethylene (PE)
ʻO Polyethylene (PE) kahi mea hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i ka wahīʻai a me ka hana ʻana. ʻO ke polyethylene kaumaha kiʻekiʻe ʻoi loa-kiʻekiʻe (UHMWPE) i ke kūpaʻa o ke kiʻekiʻe, ka coefficient haʻahaʻa, ka lubricity ponoʻī, ka hoʻopili non-adhesion a me ke kūpaʻa luhi kemika maikaʻi. Mālama pū kekahi ia i ka hana kiʻekiʻe ma nā mahana haʻahaʻa loa (e laʻa me ka nitrogen wai, -259 ° C). Hoʻomaka ʻo UHMWPE e palupalu ma kahi o 185 ° F a nalowale i kāna kūpaʻa abrasion.
No ka mea he kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ʻo UHMWPE a me ka helu contraction ke loli ke ana wela, ʻaʻole ia e koi ʻia no nā noi hoʻomanawanui pili loa i kēia mau wahi.
Ma muli o kona ikehu kiʻekiʻe, pae liki ʻole, paʻakikī paha ka PE i ka hoʻopaʻa. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o nā mea e hoʻopili pū ai me nā mea hoʻopaʻa, keakea a i ʻole nā pahele. Hoʻopuka ʻo Loctite i nā lina cyanoacrylate (CYA) (LoctitePrism ʻili-insensitive CYA a me primer) no ka hoʻopili ʻana i kēia mau ʻano plastics.
Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo UHMWPE i nā implants orthopedic me kahi kūleʻa nui. ʻO ia nā mea i hoʻohana mau ʻia i ke kīʻaha acetabular i ka wā o ka nui o ka hiproproplasty a me nā mea maʻamau o ka tibial plateau i ka wā o ka nui o ke kuli. He kūpono ia no ke aniani cobalt-chromium i hoʻonani maikaʻi ʻia. * E ʻoluʻolu e pili pono nā mea kūpono no nā implants orthopedic i nā pono kūikawā, ʻaʻole i nā mana ʻoihana. Kūʻai ʻia ka papa lāʻau lapaʻau UHMWPE ma lalo o ka inoa kalepa ʻo Lennite na Westlake Plastics (Lenni, PA).
Polyoxymethylene (POM)
ʻO DuPont's Delrin kekahi o nā POM kaulana loa, a hoʻohana ka hapanui o nā mea hoʻolālā i kēia inoa e kuhikuhi i kēia palekiko. Hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo POM mai formaldehyde. Ua hoʻomohala mua ʻia ʻo POM i nā makahiki 1950 e like me ka mea pani hakahaka, kū ʻole i ka wela non-ferrous, a ʻike ʻia ʻo "Saigang". He plastic paʻa ia me kahi coefficient haʻahaʻa o ka hakakā a me ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe.
He paʻakikī ʻo Delrin a me ka POM like e hoʻopaʻa paʻa, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hui mechanical. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo Delrin no nā mīkini prototypes mīkini a me nā pono paʻa. Hoʻohana kiʻekiʻe ʻia ia, no laila kūpono loa ia no nā prototypes o nā pono mīkini e koi ai i ka ikaika, kūpaʻa kemika, a me nā mea e kū ana i nā kūlana FDA.
ʻO kahi hemahema o Delrin ka ʻike i ka sterilization radiation, kahi e hoʻohiki ai i ka POM. Inā radiation sterilization, snap fit, plastic spring mekanism a me ka ʻāpana lahilahi ma lalo o ka ukana e haki paha. Inā makemake ʻoe e hoʻopau i nā ʻāpana B-POM, e ʻoluʻolu e noʻonoʻo me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā EtO, Steris a i ʻole nā autoclaves, kaukaʻi ʻia inā loaʻa i nā hāmeʻa nā mea maʻalahi, e like me nā lako uila.
Naelona (PA)
Loaʻa ka nylon i nā hanana 6/6 a me 6/12. Kūleʻa a pale ka wela i ka nylon. Nānā nā mea ʻike 6/6 a me 6/12 i ka helu o nā ʻāpana kalapona i ke kaulahao polymer, a ʻo 6/12 kahi nylon lōʻihi lōʻihi me ke kūpaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe. ʻAʻole hiki ke hana ʻia me ka nylon e like me ABS a Delrin (POM) no ka mea haʻalele ia i nā ʻāpana pipili ma nā kihi o nā ʻāpana e pono ai ke hoʻopau ʻia.
ʻO Nylon 6, ka mea maʻamau ka cast nylon, i hoʻomohala ʻia e DuPont ma mua o ke Kaua Honua II. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole ia a hiki i ka makahiki 1956, me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea hoʻohui (co-catalysts a me nā mea holomua) i hoʻolilo ʻia ka nylon castable i mea hiki ke kūʻai ʻia. Me kēia ʻenehana hou, hoʻonui nui ʻia ka wikiwiki polymerization, a hoʻemi ʻia nā ʻanuʻu e pono ai e loaʻa ka polymerization.
Ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o nā kaohi hana, hāʻawi ka cast nylon 6 i kekahi o nā nui a me nā ʻano maʻamau o kēlā me kēia thermoplastic. Hoʻohui pū me nā kī, nā paipu, nā paipu a me nā pā. ʻO ko lākou nui mai 1 paona a 400 paona.
Loaʻa ka ikaika mechanical a me nā ʻoluʻolu ʻoluʻolu i nā mea nylon i ka loaʻa ʻole o nā mea maʻamau. Eia nō naʻe, hoʻokuʻu nā wāwae lapaʻau i nā orthoses, nā noho huila hoʻoponopono, a me nā moena kahu hānai e koi pinepine i nā ʻāpana me kahi hiki ke halihali, no laila ua koho ʻia ʻo PA66 + 15% GF.
Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene (FEP)
Loaʻa nā waiwai e makemake ʻia o tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) (polytetrafluoroethylene [PTFE]), akā he haʻahaʻa ke ola o 200 ° C (392 ° F). ʻAʻole like me PTFE, hiki i ka FEP ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a lawe ʻia i loko o nā kī, nā paipu a me nā ʻike kūikawā e nā ʻano maʻamau. Lilo kēia i kahi hoʻolālā a me ke kaʻina hana ma luna o PTFE. Loaʻa nā pā i nā 4.5 ʻīniha a me nā pā a i 2 ʻīniha. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana ʻana o FEP ma lalo o ka radiation sterilization ma mua o ka PTFE.
Palekana hana ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe
ʻO Polyetherimide (PEI)
ʻO Ultem 1000 kahi polymaterimide polymaterimide thermoplastic polymer kiʻekiʻe-wela, hoʻolālā ʻia e General Electric Company no ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana. Ma o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi ʻenehana extrusion hou, hana nā mea hana e like me AL Hyde, Gehr a me ensinger i nā mana like ʻole a me nā nui o Ultem 1000. Hoʻohui ʻo Ultem 1000 i ka hana maikaʻi loa a loaʻa nā waiwai mālama kālā ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me PES, PEEK a me Kapton i nā noi wela kiʻekiʻe (hoʻohana mau. a i 340 ° F). Hiki ke autoclavable ʻo Ultem.
ʻO Polyedeherketone (PEEK)
ʻO Polyhereherketone (PEEK) kahi inoa o Victrex plc (UK), kahi thermoplastic wela kiʻekiʻe me ka wela a me ke kūpikipiki maikaʻi, a me ke kūpaʻa ʻaʻa maikaʻi a me ke kūpaʻa ikaika ikaika. Paipai ʻia no nā pono uila e koi ana i ka mahana o ka hana mau (480 ° F), a me nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka uahi a me nā uahi ʻawahia i hōʻike ʻia i nā lapalapa.
Hui ʻo PEEK i nā Laboratories Underwriters (UL) 94 V-0 mau koi, 0.080 ʻīniha. Kūʻē ikaika ka huahana i ka radiation gamma, ʻoi aku i ka polystyrene. ʻO ka mea hoʻoheheʻe maʻamau wale nō i hiki ke hoʻouka iā PEEK ka waikawa sulfuric paʻa. ʻO PEEK kahi kūpaʻa hydrolysis maikaʻi a hiki ke hana i ka mahu a hiki i 500 ° F.
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
ʻO TFE a i ʻole PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), i kapa mau ʻia ʻo Teflon, ʻo ia kekahi o nā resin fluorocarbon ʻekolu i ka hui fluorocarbon, kahi i haku ʻia a pau o ka fluorine a me ke kalapona. ʻO nā resins ʻē aʻe i kēia hui, i ʻike ʻia ʻo Teflon, ʻo perfluoroalkoxy fluorocarbon (PFA) a me FEP.
Hāʻawi nā pūʻali e hoʻopaʻa paʻa i ka fluorine a me ke kalapona i kekahi o nā mea paʻa kemika ikaika i ʻike ʻia ma waena o nā ʻoma i hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia me symmetrically. ʻO ka hopena o kēia paʻa paʻa a me ke kaulahao kaulahao kahi ʻano paʻa, kemo inert, a me ka polymer thermally stable.
Kūʻē ʻo TFE i ka wela a kokoke i nā mea kemika a pau. Koe wale no kekahi ʻano haole, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā meaola āpau. Maikaʻi loa kāna hana uila. ʻOiai ka nui o ka hopena o ka ikaika, hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā thermoplastics ʻenekini, kūpikipiki ke ʻaʻa, ʻaʻa ʻole ka ikaika a me nā mea kolo
Loaʻa ka TFE i ka dielectric haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o nā mea paʻa āpau. Ma muli o ka pili ikaika o ka kemika, ʻaneʻane hilahila ʻole ʻo TFE i nā mole ʻokoʻa. Nā hualoaʻa kēia i ka coefficient hakina ma lalo o 0.05. ʻOiai he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ko PTFE o ka hakina, ʻaʻole kūpono ia no nā noi orthopedic ukana e hāpai ana ma muli o ke kūpikipiki haʻahaʻa a me nā waiwai haule haʻahaʻa. Ua ʻike ʻo Sir John Charnley i kēia pilikia i kāna hana paionia ma ka huina o nā hakahaka i nā hopena o ka 1950.
Polysulfone
Ua hoʻomohala mua ʻia ʻo Polysulfone e BP Amoco a hana ʻia e Solvay i kēia manawa ma lalo o ka inoa ʻo Udel, a kūʻai aku ʻo polyphenylsulfone ma lalo o ka inoa kalepa ʻo Radel.
Polysulfone kahi paʻakikī, ʻoʻoleʻa, kiʻekiʻe-ikaika aniani moakaka (malamalama amber) thermoplastic hiki ke mālama i kona mau waiwai i ka laulā wela huahelu mai -150 ° F a 300 ° F. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia no nā lakohana i ʻae ʻia e FDA, ua hala pū kekahi i nā hoʻokolohua USP Class VI (biological). Kūpono ia i nā kūlana wai inu o ka National Sanitation Foundation, a hiki i 180 ° F. He kūlana paʻa loa ko Polysulfone. Ma hope o ka hōʻike ʻana i ka wai paila a i ʻole ka ea ma 300 ° F, ʻo ka loli dimensional loli ka hapaʻumi o 1% a ʻoi iki paha. He kiʻekiʻe ke kūpaʻa o Polysulfone i nā aorganic inorganic, alkalis a me nā hopena paʻakai; ʻoiai ma nā mahana wela ma lalo o nā pae kaulike kaulike, maikaʻi ke kūpaʻa i nā mea holoi a me nā aila hydrocarbon. ʻAʻole kūpaʻa ʻo Polysulfone i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe i polar polar e like me ketones, hydrocarbons a me nā hydrocarbons ʻaʻala.
Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Radel no nā pā ipu mea e koi ai i ke kūpaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe a me ka ikaika o ka hopena kiʻekiʻe, a no nā noi tray autoclave haukapila. Hoʻohui ʻo Polysulfone ʻenekini resin i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ke kūpaʻa lōʻihi i ka sterilization mahu. Ua hōʻoia kēia mau polymers i nā koho ʻē aʻe i ke kila kila a me ke aniani. Pilikino ʻole ka polysulfone papa olakino, ola lōʻihi ʻole i ke kaʻina hana sterilization, hiki ke aniani a opaque paha, a kūpaʻa i nā kemika maʻamau o ka haukapila.
