Mumakore achangopfuura, indasitiri yezvigadzirwa zvekurapa zvepasirese yakachengetedza kukura nekukurumidza uye kwakadzikama, iine huwandu hwepakati hwekukura hunosvika 4%, iri yakakwira kupfuura mwero wekukura kwehupfumi hwenyika panguva imwecheteyo. IUnited States, Europe, neJapan zvakabatana zvinotora chinzvimbo chikuru chemusika mumusika wepasi rose wezvigadzirwa zvemishonga. IUnited States ndiyo inogadzira pasi rose uye mutengi wezvigadzirwa zvekurapa, uye mashandisiro ayo ari munzvimbo inotungamira muindasitiri. Pakati pemakona makuru epasi rese ekurapa, United States ine nhamba hombe kwazvo yemakambani ekurapa uye maakaundi eiyo chikamu chikuru.
Ichi chinyorwa chinonyanya kuzivisa anowanzo shandiswa ekurapa ekurapa mapurasitiki, ayo anoumbwa nemidziyo ine nyore-kugadzirisa maitiro. Aya mapurasitiki anowanzo kuve anodhura zvine huremu, nekuti zvinhu zvakawanda zvinorasika nekuda kwemarara panguva yekugadzirisa.
Nhanganyaya kune zvakajairika mapurasitiki epurasitiki mune yekurapa
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Yakasimba (ABS)
Iyo terpolymer inogadzirwa neSAN (styrene-acrylonitrile) uye butadiene synthetic rubber. Kubva pane chimiro chayo, hombe keteni yeABS inogona kuve BS, AB, AS, uye inoenderana yebazi ketani inogona kuve AS, S, AB uye zvimwe zvinhu.
ABS ipolymer umo iyo yerabha chikamu inopararira mune inoenderera chikamu cheiyo resin. Naizvozvo, haisi yekungori copolymer kana musanganiswa weaya matatu mamonoma, SAN (styrene-acrylonitrile), iyo inopa kuomarara kweABS uye kupedzisa kwepamusoro, butadiene inopa Kune kuomarara kwayo, chiyero chezvinhu izvi zvitatu chinogona kugadziriswa pazvinenge zvichidikanwa. Mapurasitiki anowanzo shandiswa kugadzira mana-masendimita mahwendefa gobvu uye matanhatu-masendimita dhayamita matanda, ayo anogona nyore kusungirirwa uye kukamiwa kuti aumbire mukobvu mahwendefa uye zvikamu. Nekuda kwemutengo wayo unonzwisisika uye kugadziriswa kuri nyore, chinhu chinozivikanwa chekombuta yekuverenga manhamba (CNC) ekugadzira prototypes.
ABS inowanzo shandiswa kupomha hukuru hukuru zvigadzirwa zvekurapa makoko. Mumakore achangopfuura, ABS yakazadzwa negirazi fiber yakashandiswa mune dzimwe nzvimbo.
Acrylic nebwe (PMMA)
Acrylic resin ndiyo imwe yemapurasitiki ekutanga ekurapa, uye ichiri kushandiswa mukuumba kwekudzosera kweaplastic. * Acrylic iri chaizvo polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA).
Acrylic resin yakasimba, yakajeka, inogadziriswa uye inosungirirwa. Imwe nzira yakajairika yekubatanidza acrylic ndeyekunyengedza kubatana ne methyl chloride. Acrylic ine angangoita marudzi asingagumi ematanda, machira uye ndiro maumbirwo, uye akasiyana mavara. Acrylic resin anonyanya kukodzera kune mwenje mapaipi uye oparesheni yekushandisa.
Acrylic resin yezviratidzo uye kuratidza inogona kushandiswa pakuyera mabhenji uye prototypes; zvisinei, hanya inofanirwa kutorwa kuti isarudze iyo yegiredhi vhezheni usati waishandisa mune chero kiriniki miedzo. Yekutengesa giredhi acrylic resins inogona kunge iine UV kuramba, murazvo retardants, zvinokanganisa modifiers uye mamwe makemikari, zvichivaita zvisina kukodzera kumakiriniki kushandiswa.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
PVC ine mafomu maviri, akaomarara uye anochinjika, zvinoenderana nekuti maplastizizers akawedzerwa here kana kuti kwete. PVC inowanzo shandiswa pamapombi emvura. Izvo zvakakanganisika zvikuru zvePVP ndeyekushomeka kwemamiriro ekunze kusagadzikana, ine simba rakaderera simba, uye huremu hwethermoplastic jira rakanyanya kukwirira (giravhiti chaiyo 1.35). Iyo inokwenenzverwa nyore kana kukuvadzwa, uye ine yakaderera tembiricha deformation poindi (160).
Unplasticized PVC inogadzirwa mune maviri makuru mafomati: Type I (ngura kuramba) uye Type II (yakanyanya kukanganisa). Type I PVC ndiyo inonyanyo shandiswa PVC, asi mune zvinoshandiswa zvinoda simba rakakura kupfuura Type I, Type II ine zvirinani kusagadzikana kusagadzikana uye zvishoma kuderedzwa ngura kuramba. Mukushandisa kunoda kwakanyanya-tembiricha mafomati, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) yeakachena-mafomu ekushandisa anogona kushandiswa panenge pa280 ° F.
Zvigadzirwa zvekurapa zvakagadzirwa nemapurasitiki epolyvinyl chloride (plasticizedpvc) akamboshandiswa kutsiva rabha negirazi mumidziyo yekurapa. Chikonzero chekumisikidza ndechekuti: epurasitiki polyvinyl chloride zvinhu zvinowedzeredzwa nyore nyore, kujekesa, uye zvine kugadzikana kwemakemikari uye kugona kwehupfumi. Zvigadzirwa zvepurasitiki polyvinyl chloride zvigadzirwa zviri nyore kushandisa, uye nekuda kwavo kupfava uye kusimba, vanokwanisa kudzivirira kukuvadza matishuwa emurwere uye kudzivirira kuita kuti murwere anzwe kusagadzikana.
Polycarbonate (PC)
Polycarbonate (PC) ndiyo yakasindimara yakajeka yeplastiki uye inobatsira zvakanyanya kumidziyo yekurapa zvishandiso, kunyanya kana UV ichirapa kubatana kuri kuzoshandiswa. PC ine akati wandei mafomu echiputi, ndiro uye jira, zviri nyore kusanganisa.
Kunyangwe anopfuura gumi nemaviri maitiro ePC anogona kushandiswa ega kana musanganiswa, manomwe anowanzovimbwa nawo. PC ine yakakwira simba kusimba, kujeka kwemvura kujekesa, kwakanaka kukamba kuramba, yakafara mashandiro tembiricha renji, kuenzanirana kugadzikana, kupfeka kuramba, kuomarara uye kuomarara, kunyangwe iri ductility.
PC iri nyore kuvezwa neradiation sterilization, asi radiation radiation mamakisi aripo.
Polypropylene (PP)
PP kurema-kurema, yakachipa-mutengo polyolefin mapurasitiki ane yakaderera utsotso poindi, saka inokodzera kwazvo thermoforming uye chikafu kurongedza. PP inogona kupisa, saka kana iwe uchida kuramba moto, tsvaga murazvo unodzora (FR) mamaki. PP inoshingirira kukombama, inowanzozivikanwa se "zana-rakapetana guruu". Kune mafomu anoda kukotama, PP inogona kushandiswa.
Polyethylene (Pe)
Polyethylene (PE) chinhu chinowanzo shandiswa muchikafu kurongedza nekugadzirisa. Ultra-yakakwira mamorekuru uremu polyethylene (UHMWPE) ine yakakwira kusakara kusagadzikana, yakaderera kukakavara coefficient, kuzvidzora lubricity, pamusoro isiri-adhesion uye yakanakisa kemikari kuneta kuramba. Iyo zvakare inochengetedza yakakwira kuita patembiricha yakadzika kwazvo (semuenzaniso, mvura senitrogen, -259 ° C). UHMWPE inotanga kureruka yakatenderedza 185 ° F uye inorasikirwa neabrasion kuramba.
Sezvo UHMWPE iine kuwedzera kwakanyanya uye kudzvinyirira mwero kana tembiricha ichichinja, haina kukurudzirwa kuti zviitwe zvekushomeka munzvimbo idzi.
Nekuda kwesimba rayo repamusoro simba, isiri-yekumusoro pamusoro, PE inogona kunetsa kusunga. Zvikamu zviri nyore kukwana pamwe chete nezvisungo, kupindira kana kubvaruka. Loctite inogadzira cyanoacrylate adhesives (CYA) (LoctitePrism pamusoro-isina hanya neCYA uye yekutanga) yekubatanidza aya marudzi epurasitiki.
UHMWPE inoshandiswa zvakare mumapfupa emabhonzo nekubudirira kukuru. Ndicho chinhu chinonyanya kushandiswa mukapu yeacetabular panguva yehudyu arthroplasty uye zvinhu zvakajairika mune tibial plateau chikamu panguva yakazara yemabvi arthroplasty. Iyo inokodzera kwazvo yakakwenenzverwa cobalt-chromium alloy. * Ndokumbira utarise kuti izvo zvinhu zvinokodzera maorethopedic kudyara zvinhu zvakakosha, kwete maindasitiri vhezheni. Chiremba giredhi UHMWPE inotengeswa pasi pezita rekutengeserana Lennite naWestlake Plastics (Lenni, PA).
Polyoxymethylene (POM)
DuPont's Delrin ndeimwe yePOM inonyatso kuzivikanwa, uye vagadziri vazhinji vanoshandisa zita iri kureva ipurasitiki iyi. POM inogadzirwa kubva ku formaldehyde. POM yakatanga kugadzirwa mukutanga kwema1950 sechinhu chakaomarara, chisingapisi chisina kupisa simbi chinotsiva, chinowanzozivikanwa se "Saigang". Ipurasitiki yakaoma ine yakaderera coefficient yekukwesana uye yakasimba simba.
Delrin uye yakafanana POM yakaoma kusungwa, uye mechiniki gungano iri nani. Delrin inowanzo shandiswa kumashini ekurapa michina prototypes uye akavharwa mafekitori. Inogadziriswa zvakanyanya, saka inokodzera kwazvo prototypes yemuchina michina inoda simba, kusagadzikana kwemakemikari, uye zvinhu zvinosangana nemitemo yeDAA.
Imwe kukanganisa kweDelrin ndiko kunzwisisika kune radiation sterilization, iyo inowanzoita kuti POM ipwanye. Kana radiation radiation, snap fit, epurasitiki chitubu mashini uye yakatetepa chikamu pasi pemutoro inogona kutyoka. Kana iwe uchida kutapudza zvikamu zveB-POM, ndapota funga kushandisa EtO, Steris kana autoclaves, zvichienderana nekuti mudziyo wacho une chero chinhu chinonzwisisika, senge zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi.
Nylon (PA)
Nylon inowanikwa muna6 / 6 uye 6/12 mafomu. Nylon yakaoma uye inopisa kupisa. Zvinoratidza 6/6 uye 6/12 zvinoreva huwandu hweatomu dzekabhoni muketani yepolymer, uye 6/12 inyloniyoni-refu ine kukwirira kwekupisa. Nylon haigadzirike seABS kana Delrin (POM) nekuti inowanzo siya machipisi akaomarara pamucheto pezvikamu izvo zvingangoda kudonhedzwa.
Nylon 6, inonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeyekukanda nylon, iyo yakagadziriswa naDuPont Hondo Yenyika II isati yatanga. Zvisinei, zvakange zvisati zvaitika kusvika 1956, pamwe nekuwanikwa kwemacompound (co-catalysts uye maexterator) iyo yakakanda nylon yakave yekutengesa inoshanda. Nekombiki iyi nyowani, iyo yekumhanyisa polymer kumhanyisa yakawedzera zvakanyanya, uye nhanho dzinodiwa kuti uwane polymerization ideredzwa.
Nekuda kwekuganhurirwa kushoma kwekugadzirisa, kukanda nylon 6 inopa imwe yematanho akakura kwazvo uye zvimiro zvechero thermoplastic. Kukanda kunosanganisira mabara, machubhu, machubhu uye ndiro. Saizi yavo inosvika kubva pa1 pondo kusvika mazana mana emapaunzi.
Zvinhu zveNylon zvine simba remuchina uye ganda-rinoshamwaridzika vanonzwa kuti zvakajairika zvinhu hazvina. Nekudaro, zvekurapa zvekushandisa tsoka kudonha orthoses, rehabilitation mawiricheya, uye zvekurapa ekurapa mibhedha zvinowanzoda zvikamu nechero imwe inotakura-inokwana kugona, saka PA66 + 15% GF inowanzo sarudzwa.
Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene (FEP)
Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) ine zvese zvinodiwa zve tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) (polytetrafluoroethylene [PTFE]), asi ine tembiricha yekupona yepasi ye200 ° C (392 ° F). Kusiyana nePTFE, FEP inogona kuiswa jekiseni uye kudhonzwa mumazariro, machubhu uye maprofayera akasarudzika nenzira dzakajairwa. Ichi chinova dhizaini uye kugadzirisa mukana pamusoro pePTFE. Mabhawa anosvika ku4,5 inches uye mahwendefa anosvika maviri inches anowanikwa. Iko kuita kweFEP pasi peiyo radiation sterilization kuri nani zvishoma pane iyo yePTFE.
Kumusoro-kuita kweinjiniya mapurasitiki
Polyetherimide (Pei)
Ultem 1000 Thermoplastic polyetherimide high-heat polymer, yakagadzirirwa naGeneral Electric Company yejekiseni. Kubudikidza nekuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji nyowani, vagadziri vakaita saAl Hyde, Gehr naEseninger vanogadzira mamodheru akasiyana siyana uye saizi yeUltem 1000. Ultem 1000 inosanganisa kugona kuita uye ine mutengo wekuchengetedza mari uchienzaniswa nePES, PEEK uye Kapton mune yakanyanya kupisa mashandisirwo (kuenderera kushandiswa kusvika 340 ° F). Ultem inogadziriswa.
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) chiratidzo cheVictrex plc (UK), crystalline yepamusoro-tembiricha thermoplastic ine yakanyanya kupisa uye kemikari kuramba, pamwe neakanakisa ekupfeka kuramba uye yakasimba kuneta kuramba. Inokurudzirwa kune zvemagetsi zvinoda kupisa kwakapfuurira kunoshanda (480 ° F), uye nekudzikisira kwakanyanya kweutsi uye hutsi hunotyisa hwakafumurwa kumarimi.
PEEK inosangana ne Underwriters Laboratories (UL) 94 V-0 zvinoda, 0.080 inches. Chigadzirwa chine kupokana kwakasimba kwazvo neiyo gamma radiation, kunyangwe ichidarika yeiyo polystyrene. Iyo chete yakajairika solvent iyo inogona kurwisa PEEK ndeye yakanyanyisa sulfuric acid PEEK ine yakanakisa hydrolysis kuramba uye inogona kushanda mune hwemhepo inosvika 500 ° F.
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
TFE kana PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), inowanzozonzi Teflon, ndiyo imwe yematatu fluorocarbon resini muboka re fluorocarbon, iro rinoumbwa zvizere ne fluorine uye kabhoni. Iwo mamwe ma resin ari muboka iri, anonziwo Teflon, ari perfluoroalkoxy fluorocarbon (PFA) uye FEP.
Iwo masimba anosunga fluorine uye kabhoni pamwechete zvinopa imwe yeakasimba kwazvo anozivikanwa emakemikari zvisungo pakati pemaatomu akanyatsorongedzwa. Mhedzisiro yesimba rechisungo ichi pamwe neketani yekumisikidza iri dense, chemakemikari inert, uye inogadzikana inogara yakasimba.
TFE inodzivisa kupisa uye ingangoita ese makemikari zvinhu. Kunze kwezvishoma zvemarudzi ekunze, haina kunyungudika mune zvese zvakasikwa zvinhu. Kuita kwayo kwemagetsi kwakanaka kwazvo. Kunyangwe iine simba rakakura, kana ichienzaniswa neimwe yeinjiniya thermoplastics, kupfeka kwayo kuramba, kusimba kwesimba uye kukambaira kushoma kwakaderera.
TFE ine yakaderera dielectric inogara uye yakaderera kudzikisira chinhu chese chakasimba zvinhu. Nekuda kwesimba rayo rakasimba remakemikari, TFE inenge isingafadzi kune akasiyana mamorekuru. Izvi zvinoguma neyakaganhurana coefficient yakaderera se0.05. Kunyangwe PTFE iine yakaderera coefficient yekukwesana, haina kukodzera kutakura-inotakura mafupa ekushandisa nekuda kwayo yakadzika zvinofamba kuramba uye yakaderera kupfeka zvivakwa. Sir John Charnley vakawana iri dambudziko mubasa rake rekupayona pakuzadza hudyu kwese mukupera kwema1950.
Polysulfone
Polysulfone yakatanga kugadzirwa neBP Amoco uye parizvino inogadzirwa naSolvay pasi pezita rekutengeserana Udel, uye polyphenylsulfone inotengeswa pasi pezita rekutengeserana Radel.
Polysulfone yakaoma, yakaoma, yakasimba-yakasimba yakajeka (yakajeka amber) thermoplastic iyo inogona kuchengetedza zvivakwa zvayo mukutonhora kwakakura kubva -150 ° F kusvika 300 ° F. Yakagadzirirwa FDA-inogamuchirwa michina, yapfuurawo ese USP Kirasi VI (zvipenyu) bvunzo. Inosangana nematanho emvura yekunwa yeNational Sanitation Foundation, inosvika 180 ° F. Polysulfone ine yakanyanya kukwirira kuenzana. Mushure mekuratidzwa kumvura irikufashaira kana mweya pa300 ° F, iyo mitsara yemhando yekuchinja inowanzo kuve chegumi che1% kana zvishoma. Polysulfone ine yakanyanya kuramba kune inorganic acids, alkalis uye munyu mhinduro; kunyangwe pane tembiricha yakakwira pasi pekunetseka kwepakati nepakati, ine yakanaka yekupokana nema detergents nemafuta ehydrocarbon. Polysulfone haina kupokana nepolar organic solvents senge ketoni, machlorinated mahydrocarbon uye anonhuwirira mahydrocarbon.
Radel inoshandiswa yetireyi yetireyi inoda kupisa kwakanyanya kupisa uye yakasimba simba simba, uye kuchipatara autoclave tray kunyorera. Polysulfone engineering resin inosanganisa yakasimba simba uye kwenguva refu-kuramba kuramba kudzokorodza hwemvura sterilization. Aya ma polima akaratidza kuti ndeimwe nzira yesimbi isina girazi uye girazi. Chiremba giredhi polysulfone iri biologically inert, ine hupenyu hwakareba hwakareba munzira yekudzivirira, inogona kuve yakajeka kana opaque, uye inopesana nemakemikari mazhinji echipatara.
