(African Trade Research Centre) Kuva ubwigenge bwayo, Maroc yabaye kimwe mu bihugu bike muri Afurika byihaye iterambere ry’inganda z’imodoka. Mu mwaka wa 2014, inganda z’imodoka zarenze inganda za fosifeti ku nshuro ya mbere maze ziba inganda nini mu gihugu zitanga ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga.
1. Amateka yiterambere ryinganda zimodoka za Maroc
1) Icyiciro cyambere
Kuva Maroc yigenga, ibaye kimwe mu bihugu bike byo muri Afurika byihaye iterambere ry’inganda z’imodoka, usibye Afurika yepfo n’ubundi bwami bw’imodoka.
Mu 1959, abifashijwemo n’itsinda ry’imodoka zo mu Butaliyani Fiat, Maroc yashinze uruganda rukora amamodoka muri Maroc (SOMACA). Uru ruganda rukoreshwa cyane cyane mu guteranya imodoka ziranga Simca na Fiat, zifite ubushobozi bwo gukora buri mwaka imodoka 30.000.
Mu 2003, urebye imikorere mibi ya SOMACA, guverinoma ya Maroc yafashe icyemezo cyo guhagarika kongera amasezerano na Fiat Group maze igurisha imigabane yayo 38% muri iyo sosiyete mu itsinda ry’abafaransa Renault Group. Mu 2005, Renault Group yaguze imigabane yose y’isosiyete ikora amamodoka yo muri Maroc muri Fiat Group, kandi ikoresha isosiyete ikoranya Dacia Logan, ikirango cy’imodoka gihenze munsi yitsinda. Irateganya gukora imodoka 30.000 ku mwaka, kimwe cya kabiri cyoherezwa muri Eurozone no mu burasirazuba bwo hagati. Imodoka ya Logan yahise iba marike yagurishijwe cyane muri Maroc.
2) Icyiciro cyiterambere cyihuse
Mu 2007, inganda z’imodoka muri Maroc zinjiye mu cyiciro cy’iterambere ryihuse. Muri uyu mwaka, guverinoma ya Maroc na Renault Group bashyize umukono ku masezerano yo gufatanya gufata icyemezo cyo kubaka uruganda rw’imodoka i Tangier, muri Maroc hamwe n’ishoramari ry’amayero agera kuri miliyoni 600, hakaba hateganijwe umusaruro w’umwaka 400.000, 90% muri byo bikoherezwa mu mahanga. .
Mu mwaka wa 2012, uruganda rwa Renault Tangier rwatangiye gukoreshwa ku mugaragaro, cyane cyane rukora amamodoka ahendutse ya Renault, ruhita ruba uruganda runini rukora amamodoka muri Afurika no mu karere k'Abarabu.
Mu 2013, icyiciro cya kabiri cy’uruganda rwa Renault Tangier cyatangiye gukoreshwa ku mugaragaro, kandi umusaruro w’umwaka wongerewe kugera ku 340.000 ugera ku 400.000.
Mu mwaka wa 2014, uruganda rwa Renault Tangier hamwe na SOMACA rufite mu by'ukuri rwakoze imodoka 227.000, aho usanga 45%, kandi ruteganya kugera kuri 55% uyu mwaka. Byongeye kandi, gushinga no guteza imbere uruganda rukora amamodoka Renault Tanger rwateje imbere iterambere ry’inganda zikikije amamodoka. Hano hari inganda zirenga 20 zikoresha amamodoka hirya no hino muruganda, harimo Denso Co., Ltd., uruganda rukora kashe ya kashe yo mu Bufaransa Snop, na Valeo w’Ubufaransa Valeo, uruganda rukora ibirahuri by’ibinyabiziga by’Abafaransa Saint Gobain, umukandara w’icyicaro cy’Ubuyapani hamwe n’uruganda rukora amamodoka Takata, hamwe n’imodoka z’Abanyamerika sisitemu ya elegitoronike ikora Visteon, nibindi.
Muri Kamena 2015, Itsinda ry’Abafaransa Peugeot-Citroen ryatangaje ko rizashora miliyoni 557 z'amayero muri Maroc kubaka uruganda rukora amamodoka rutanga umusaruro wa nyuma w’imodoka 200.000. Bizakora cyane cyane imodoka zihenze nka Peugeot 301 zoherezwa mumasoko gakondo muri Afrika no muburasirazuba bwo hagati. Bizatangira umusaruro muri 2019.
3) Inganda z’imodoka zahindutse inganda nini zohereza ibicuruzwa muri Maroc
Kuva mu 2009 kugeza 2014, inganda z’imodoka zo muri Maroc buri mwaka ziva mu mahanga ziyongereye ziva kuri miliyari 12 dirhamu zigera kuri miliyari 40, kandi uruhare rw’ibyoherezwa mu mahanga muri Maroc na rwo rwiyongereye ruva kuri 10.6% rugera kuri 20.1%.
Isesengura ry’amakuru ku masoko yoherezwa mu mahanga rya moto ryerekana ko kuva 2007 kugeza 2013, amasoko yoherezwa mu mahanga ya moto yibanda cyane mu bihugu 31 by’Uburayi, bingana na 93%, muri byo 46% ni Ubufaransa, Espagne, Ubutaliyani n’Ubwongereza. ukurikije ni 35%, 7% na 4,72%. Byongeye kandi, umugabane wa Afrika nawo ufata igice cyisoko, Misiri na Tuniziya ni 2,5% na 1.2%.
Mu mwaka wa 2014, yarenze inganda za fosifate ku nshuro ya mbere, kandi inganda z’imodoka zo muri Maroc zabaye inganda nini zinjiza ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga muri Maroc. Minisitiri w’inganda n’ubucuruzi muri Maroc Alami yavuze ko mu Gushyingo 2015 yavuze ko biteganijwe ko ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga by’inganda z’imodoka muri Maroc bizagera kuri miliyari 100 dirhamu muri 2020.
Iterambere ryihuse ry’inganda z’imodoka ryazamuye ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga muri Maroc ku rugero runaka, kandi muri icyo gihe kandi byateje imbere imiterere y’igihombo kirekire cy’ubucuruzi bw’amahanga bwa Maroc. Mu gice cya mbere cy’umwaka wa 2015, bitewe n’ibyoherezwa mu mahanga biva mu nganda z’imodoka, Maroc yari ifite amafaranga arenga ku bucuruzi n’Ubufaransa, umufatanyabikorwa w’ubucuruzi wa kabiri mu bucuruzi, ku nshuro ya mbere, agera kuri miliyoni 198 z'amayero.
Biravugwa ko inganda zikoresha amamodoka muri Maroc zahoze ari inganda nini mu nganda z’imodoka za Maroc. Kugeza ubu, inganda zimaze kwegeranya amasosiyete arenga 70 kandi igera ku byoherezwa mu mahanga byoherezwa mu mahanga miliyari 17.3 za dirhamu mu 2014. Icyakora, igihe uruganda rw’iteraniro rwa Renault Tangier rwashyirwa mu bikorwa mu mwaka wa 2012, imodoka zo muri Maroc zoherezwa mu mahanga zazamutse ziva kuri miliyari 1,2 mu mwaka wa 2010 zigera kuri Dh19. Miliyari 5 muri 2014, umuvuduko w’ubwiyongere buri mwaka urenga 52%, urenga urwego rwabanje. Kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga.
2. Isoko ryimodoka zo murugo muri Maroc
Bitewe n’abaturage bake, isoko ryimodoka zo murugo muri Maroc ni rito. Kuva 2007 kugeza 2014, kugurisha imodoka mu gihugu buri mwaka byari hagati ya 100.000 na 130.000. Dukurikije imibare yatanzwe n’ishyirahamwe ry’abatumiza amapikipiki, umubare w’igurisha rya moto wiyongereyeho 1.09% muri 2014, naho igurishwa ry’imodoka nshya ryageze ku 122.000, ariko ryari rikiri munsi y’ibyanditswe ku 130.000 byashyizweho mu 2012. Muri byo, Renault ihendutse ikirango cyimodoka Dacia nugurisha neza. Amakuru yo kugurisha kuri buri kirango ni aya akurikira: Dacia igurisha imodoka 33.737, kwiyongera 11%; Renault igurisha 11475, igabanuka rya 31%; Ford yagurishije imodoka 11.194, kwiyongera kwa 8,63%; Igurishwa rya Fiat yimodoka 10.074, kwiyongera 33%; Peugeot igurisha 8,901, Hasi 8.15%; Citroen yagurishije imodoka 5.382, yiyongera 7.21%; Toyota yagurishije imodoka 5138, yiyongera 34%.
3. Inganda z’imodoka zo muri Maroc zikurura ishoramari ry’amahanga
Kuva mu mwaka wa 2010 kugeza 2013, ishoramari ritaziguye ry’amahanga ryakuruwe n'inganda za moto ryiyongereye ku buryo bugaragara, riva kuri miliyoni 660 dirhamu rigera kuri miliyari 2,4, kandi umugabane w’ishoramari ritaziguye ryashishikajwe n’inganda ziyongereye kuva kuri 19.2% ugera kuri 45.3%. Muri bo, mu mwaka wa 2012, kubera iyubakwa ry’uruganda rwa Renault Tangier, ishoramari ritaziguye ry’amahanga ryakwegereye uwo mwaka ryageze ku gipimo cya miliyari 3.7.
Ubufaransa nisoko nini ya Maroc ishoramari ritaziguye. Hashyizweho uruganda rw’imodoka Renault Tangier, Maroc yagiye ihinduka ikigo cy’ibicuruzwa by’amahanga ku masosiyete y’Abafaransa. Iyi myumvire izagenda igaragara nyuma yo kuzuza umusaruro wa Peugeot-Citroen muri moto muri 2019.
4. Iterambere ryiterambere ryinganda zimodoka za Maroc
Mu myaka yashize, inganda z’imodoka muri Maroc zabaye imwe mu moteri ziterambere ry’inganda. Kugeza ubu hari ibigo birenga 200 byatanzwe mu bigo bitatu bikomeye, aribyo Tangier (43%), Casablanca (39%) na Kenitra (7%). Usibye aho biherereye neza, imiterere ya politiki ihamye, hamwe n’ibiciro by’abakozi, iterambere ryihuse rifite impamvu zikurikira:
1. Maroc yasinyanye amasezerano y’ubucuruzi ku buntu n’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, ibihugu by’abarabu, Amerika na Turukiya, kandi inganda z’imodoka za Maroc nazo zishobora kohereza mu bihugu byavuzwe haruguru nta musoro.
Imodoka z’Abafaransa Renault na Peugeot-Citroen zabonye ibyiza byavuzwe haruguru maze zihindura Maroc mu kigo cy’imodoka zihenze cyane zo kohereza mu bihugu by’Uburayi no mu bihugu by’abarabu. Byongeye kandi, ishyirwaho ry’uruganda rukora amamodoka ntiruzabura rwose gutwara ibice byo hejuru gushora imari no gushinga inganda muri Maroc, bityo bigateza imbere iterambere ryurwego rwose rwimodoka.
2. Tegura gahunda isobanutse yiterambere.
Muri 2014, Maroc yatanze icyifuzo cyihuse cyo guteza imbere inganda, aho inganda z’imodoka zabaye inganda zikomeye kuri Maroc kubera agaciro kiyongereyeho, urwego rurerure rw’inganda, ubushobozi bukomeye bwo gutwara no gukemura ibibazo. Nk’uko gahunda ibiteganya, mu 2020, ubushobozi bw’umusaruro w’inganda zitwara ibinyabiziga muri Maroc uziyongera kuva kuri 400.000 kugeza 800.000, aho abaturage baziyongera 20% kugeza kuri 65%, kandi imirimo iziyongera 90.000 kugeza 170.000.
3. Tanga imisoro n'inkunga y'amafaranga.
Mu mujyi w’ibinyabiziga washyizweho na guverinoma (imwe muri Tangier na Kenitra), umusoro ku nyungu z’amasosiyete usonewe mu myaka 5 yambere, naho umusoro mu myaka 20 iri imbere ni 8,75%. Igipimo rusange cy'umusoro ku nyungu rusange ni 30%. Byongeye kandi, guverinoma ya Maroc kandi iha inkunga bamwe mu bakora inganda z’imodoka bashora imari muri Maroc, harimo imirenge 11 mu bice bine byingenzi by’insinga, imbere y’imodoka, kashe ya kashe na bateri zibikwa, kandi ni ishoramari rya mbere muri izo nganda 11. -Ibigo 3 birashobora kubona inkunga ya 30% yishoramari ntarengwa.
Usibye izo nkunga zavuzwe haruguru, guverinoma ya Maroc ikoresha kandi ikigega cya Hassan II n'ikigega cyo guteza imbere inganda n'ishoramari mu gutanga ishoramari.
4. Ibigo by'imari bizakomeza kugira uruhare mu gushyigikira iterambere ry’inganda z’imodoka.
Muri Nyakanga 2015, Banki ya Attijariwafa, Banki y’ubucuruzi y’ububanyi n’amahanga ya Maroc (BMCE) na Banki ya BCP, banki eshatu nini muri Maroc, basinyanye amasezerano na Minisiteri y’inganda n’ubucuruzi muri Maroc ndetse n’ishyirahamwe ry’inganda n’ubucuruzi muri Maroc (Amica) kugira ngo bashyigikire ingamba ziterambere ryinganda zimodoka. Amabanki atatu azatanga serivisi z’inguzanyo z’ivunjisha mu nganda z’imodoka, yihutishe ikusanyirizo ry’imishinga y'abashoramari, kandi itange serivisi zo gutera inkunga inkunga y'ishoramari n'amahugurwa.
5. Guverinoma ya Maroc iteza imbere cyane guhugura impano mu bijyanye n’imodoka.
Umwami Mohammed VI yavuze mu ijambo rye ku munsi wo kwimikwa mu 2015 ko iterambere ry’ibigo byigisha imyuga mu nganda z’imodoka bigomba kurushaho gutezwa imbere. Kugeza ubu, ibigo bine byigisha impano z’inganda z’imodoka (IFMIA) byashinzwe i Tangier, Casa na Kennethra, aho inganda z’imodoka zibanda. Kuva mu mwaka wa 2010 kugeza 2015, hatojwe impano 70.000, zirimo abayobozi 1.500, injeniyeri 7,000, abatekinisiye 29.000, n’abakora 32.500. Byongeye kandi, guverinoma itera inkunga amahugurwa y'abakozi. Inkunga y'amahugurwa ngarukamwaka ni 30.000 dirhamu kubakozi bashinzwe kuyobora, 30.000 dirhamu kubatekinisiye, na dirhamu 15.000 kubakoresha. Umuntu wese arashobora kwishimira inkunga yavuzwe haruguru mumyaka 3 yose.
Nk’uko isesengura ry’ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi cy’ubucuruzi nyafurika kibitangaza, kuri ubu inganda z’imodoka n’inganda z’ingenzi mu igenamigambi n’iterambere muri guverinoma ya Maroc "Gahunda yihuse y’iterambere ry’inganda". Mu myaka yashize, ibyiza bitandukanye nk'amasezerano y’ubucuruzi bw’amahanga, gahunda zisobanutse z’iterambere, politiki nziza, inkunga ituruka mu bigo by’imari, hamwe n’impano nyinshi z’imodoka zafashije mu guteza imbere inganda z’imodoka kuba inganda nini mu bihugu byinjiza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga. Kugeza ubu, ishoramari ry’inganda z’imodoka muri Maroc rishingiye cyane cyane ku guteranya ibinyabiziga, kandi ishyirwaho ry’inganda ziteranirizwamo ibinyabiziga zizatuma amasosiyete akora ibice byo hejuru ashora imari muri Maroc, bityo biteze imbere iterambere ry’inganda zose z’imodoka.
Ububiko bwimodoka yo muri Afrika yepfo
Ububiko bwimodoka ya Kenya
