(IZiko loPhando ngezoRhwebo laseAfrika) Ukusukela kwinkululeko yayo, iMorocco iye yaba lelinye lamazwe ambalwa eAfrika azinikele kuphuhliso loshishino lweemoto. Ngo-2014, ishishini leemoto lagqitha kumzi-mveliso wephosphate okwesihlandlo sokuqala kwaye laba lelona shishini likhulu livelisa imveliso kumazwe angaphandle.
1. Imbali yophuhliso kushishino lweemoto eMorocco
1) Inqanaba lokuqala
Ukusukela oko inkululeko yaseMorocco, yaba lelinye lamazwe ambalwa eAfrika azinikele kuphuhliso lweshishini leemoto, ngaphandle koMzantsi Afrika kunye nezinye izikumkani zezithuthi.
Ngo-1959, ngoncedo lweQela laseMoto i-Fiat Automobile, iMorocco yaseka iNkampani yeeMoto eMoroccan (SOMACA). Isityalo sisetyenziselwa ukudibanisa iimoto zohlobo lweSimca kunye neFiat, ezinesakhono esiphezulu semveliso sonyaka seemoto ezingama-30,000.
Ngo-2003, ngenxa yemeko yokusebenza engeyiyo ye-SOMACA, urhulumente waseMorocco uthathe isigqibo sokuyeka ukuvuselela ikhontrakthi ne-Fiat Group kwaye wathengisa i-38% yayo kwinkampani kwi-French Renault Group. Ngo-2005, iRenault Group yathenga zonke izabelo zayo zenkampani yokwenza iimoto eMoroccan kwiQela leQela, kwaye yasebenzisa inkampani ukudibanisa iDacia Logan, uphawu lweemoto ezingabizi kakhulu kweli qela. Iceba ukuvelisa izithuthi ezingama-30,000 ngonyaka, isiqingatha sazo sithunyelwe kwi-Eurozone nakuMbindi Mpuma. Iimoto zakwaLogan zakhawuleza zaba yeyona nto ithengisa kakhulu eMorocco.
2) Inqanaba lokukhula ngokukhawuleza
Ngo-2007, ishishini leemoto laseMorocca langena kwinqanaba lokukhula ngokukhawuleza. Kulo nyaka, urhulumente wase-Moroccan kunye ne-Renault Group batyikitye isivumelwano sokudibana bathathe isigqibo sokwakha umzi-mveliso weemoto eTangier, eMorocco ngotyalo-mali olupheleleyo olumalunga ne-600 yezigidi zeerandi, nemveliso eyenziweyo yonyaka yeemoto ezingama-400,000, ezingama-90% eziza kuthunyelwa kwelinye ilizwe. .
Ngo-2012, isityalo i-Renault Tangier saqalisa ukusebenza ngokusesikweni, ikakhulu sivelisa iimoto zexabiso eliphantsi zakwaRenault, kwaye kwangoko saba sisityalo esikhulu sokudibanisa iimoto eAfrika nakwingingqi yeArabhu.
Ngo-2013, inqanaba lesibini le-Renault Tangier Plant lasetyenziswa ngokusesikweni, kwaye imveliso yonyaka yonyuswa yaya kwizithuthi ezingama-340,000 ukuya kuma-400,000.
Kwi-2014, isityalo seRenault Tangier kunye nokubamba kwayo i-SOMACA ngenene sivelise izithuthi ezingama-227,000, ngenqanaba lendawo elingama-45%, kwaye liceba ukufikelela kuma-55% kulo nyaka. Ukongeza, ukusekwa nokuphuhliswa kweRenault Tanger Automobile Assembly Plant kukhuthaze ukukhula kwemizi-mveliso ejikeleze iimoto. Kukho ngaphezu kwe-20 iinxalenye zeefektri zeefektri ezijikeleze umzi-mveliso, kubandakanya iDenso Co, Ltd., umenzi wezixhobo zokunyathela isiFrentshi uSnop, kunye noValeo waseFrance uValeo, umenzi weglasi yezithuthi waseFrance uSaint Gobain, ibhanti yesihlalo saseJapan kunye nomenzi weairbag uTakata, kunye nemoto yaseMelika. umenzi wenkqubo ye-elektroniki uVisteon, phakathi kwabanye.
NgoJuni 2015, i-Peugeot-Citroen Group yaseFrance yabhengeza ukuba izakutyala i-557 yezigidi zeerandi eMorocco ukwakha umzi-mveliso wokudibanisa iimoto kunye nesiphumo sokugqibela sonyaka seemoto ezingama-200,000. Iya kuvelisa ikakhulu iimoto zexabiso eliphantsi ezinje ngePeugeot 301 yokuthumela ngaphandle kwiimarike zesiko eAfrika naseMbindi Mpuma. Iya kuqala imveliso kwi2019.
3) Umzi mveliso weemoto uye waba lolona shishino luthumela ngaphandle eMorocco
Ukusuka ngo-2009 ukuya ku-2014, ixabiso lemveliso yezorhwebo laseMoroccan lonyaka lonyuka ukusuka kwi-12 yezigidigidi zeedirhams ukuya kwi-40 yezigidigidi zeedirham, kwaye isabelo sayo kuthengiso olupheleleyo lwaseMorocco lukhuphukile ukusuka kwi-10.6% ukuya kwi-20.1%.
Uhlalutyo lwedatha kwimarike yezithuthuthu ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe lubonisa ukuba ukusukela ngo-2007 ukuya kowama-2013, iimarike zokuthumela izithuthuthu kumazwe angaphandle zigxile kakhulu kumazwe angama-31 aseYurophu, zibala i-93%, apho i-46% yayo inguFransi, iSpain, i-Itali kunye ne-United Kingdom. ngokwahlukeneyo Bayi-35%, 7% kunye ne-4.72%. Ukongeza, ilizwekazi laseAfrika likwindawo yentengiso, i-Egypt ne-Tunisia zi-2.5% kunye ne-1.2% ngokwahlukeneyo.
Ngo-2014, yagqitha kumzi-mveliso wephosphate okwesihlandlo sokuqala, kwaye ishishini leemoto laseMorocco laba lelona shishini likhulu lokufumana imveliso kumazwe angaphandle eMoroccan. UMphathiswa wezoRhwebo kunye noRhwebo u-Alami wathi ngo-Novemba ka-2015 ukuba umthamo weemveliso ezithunyelwa ngaphandle waseMoroccan kulindeleke ukuba ufike kwi-100 yezigidigidi zeedirham ngo-2020.
Uphuhliso olukhawulezileyo lweshishini leemoto luphucule ukhuphiswano lweemveliso ezithunyelwa ngaphandle zaseMorocco ukuya kwinqanaba elithile, kwaye kwangaxeshanye liphucule imeko yentsilelo yexesha elide yorhwebo lwangaphandle lwaseMorocco. Kwisiqingatha sokuqala sika-2015, siqhutywa kukuthunyelwa kwelinye ilizwe kushishino lweemoto, iMorocco yayinentsalela yorhwebo kunye neFrance, iqabane layo lesibini ngobukhulu kwezorhwebo, okokuqala, ifikelela kwi-198 yezigidi zeerandi.
Kuxelwe ukuba ishishini lekhebula lezimoto laseMoroccan beliliyeyona mveliso inkulu kushishino lweemoto eMoroccan. Okwangoku, eli shishini liqokelele ngaphezulu kweenkampani ezingama-70 kwaye lafumana ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwe-17.3 yezigidigidi zeedirham ngo-2014. 5 bhiliyoni ngo-2014, izinga lokukhula elingaphezulu kwama-52% ngonyaka, ukugqitha kwinqanaba langaphambili. Ukuthumela ngaphandle kwemveliso yentambo.
2. Intengiso yemoto yaseMorocco yasekhaya
Ngenxa yenani labemi, intengiso yeemoto zasekhaya eMorocco incinci. Ukususela ngo-2007 ukuya ku-2014, ukuthengiswa kweemoto zonyaka kuphela phakathi kwe-100,000 kunye ne-130,000. Ngokweenkcukacha ezivela kuMbutho wabaThengi beZithuthuthu, umthamo wentengiso yeZithuthuthu unyuke nge-1.09% ngo-2014, kunye nomthamo wentengiso yeemoto ezintsha wafikelela kwi-122,000, kodwa yayisezantsi kunerekhodi ye-130,000 eyabekwa ngo-2012. Uhlobo lwemoto iDacia yeyona nto ithengisayo. Idatha yentengiso yohlobo ngalunye imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Ukuthengiswa kweDacia iimoto ezingama-33,737, ukonyuka nge-11%; Ukuthengiswa kweRenault 11475, ukwehla kweepesenti ezingama-31; Ukuthengiswa kweFord iimoto ezili-11,194, ukunyuka nge-8.63%; Ukuthengiswa kwe-Fiat yeemoto ezili-10,074, ukonyuka ngama-33%; Ukuthengiswa kwePeugeot 8,901, phantsi kwe-8.15%; ICitroen ithengise izithuthi ezingama-5, 382, inyuke nge-7.21%; IToyota ithengise iimoto ezingama-5138, inyuke nge-34%.
3. Ushishino lweemoto eMorocco lutsala utyalomali lwangaphandle
Ukusuka ngo-2010 ukuya ku-2013, utyalomali lwangaphandle ngqo olutsalwe ngumzi mveliso wezithuthuthu lonyuke kakhulu, ukusuka kwizigidi ezingama-660 zeedirham ukuya kwi-2,4 yezigidigidi zeedirham, kwaye isabelo salo sotyalo-mali lwangaphandle ngqo lutsalwe licandelo lezemveliso lenyuke ukusuka kwi-19.2% ukuya kwi-45.3%. Phakathi kwabo, kwi-2012, ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwefektri yeRenault Tangier, utyalomali lwangaphandle ngokuthe ngqo lutsale loo nyaka lafikelela kwincopho ye-dirhams ezi-3.7 zezigidi.
IFransi ngowona mthombo mkhulu wotyalo mali lwangaphandle ngokuthe ngqo. Ngokusekwa kweRenault Tangier imoto mveliso, iMorocco ngokuthe ngcembe yaba sisiseko semveliso yamanye amazwe yeenkampani zaseFrance. Le meko iya kubonakala ngakumbi emva kokugqitywa kwesiseko semveliso sePeugeot-Citroen kwiSithuthuthu ngo-2019.
4. Izibonelelo zophuhliso zeshishini leemoto eMorocco
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ishishini leemoto laseMorocco libe yenye yeenjini zophuhliso lwamashishini. Kukho iinkampani ezingaphezu kwama-200 ezisasazwe kumaziko amakhulu amathathu, oko kukuthi iTangier (43%), iCasablanca (39%) neKenitra (7%). Ukongeza kwindawo yayo ephezulu, imeko yezopolitiko ezinzileyo, kunye neendleko zabasebenzi eziphantsi, ukukhula kwayo ngokukhawuleza kunezizathu zilandelayo:
1. IMorocco ityikitye izivumelwano zokurhweba simahla neManyano yaseYurophu, amazwe aseArabhu, iMelika kunye neTurkey, kwaye ishishini leemoto laseMoroccan linokuthumela kumazwe angaphandle ngaphandle kweerhafu.
Abenzi bemoto baseFrance iRenault kunye ne Peugeot-Citroen bazibonile izibonelelo ezingentla kwaye bajika iMorocco yaba sisiseko semveliso esinexabiso eliphantsi sokuthumela kumazwe angaphandle kwi-European Union nakwamanye amazwe ama-Arab. Ukongeza, ukusekwa kwendawo yokuhlanganisana kweemoto ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kuqhuba iinkampani ezinamanzi ukuze zityale imali kwaye ziseke iifektri eMorocco, ngaloo ndlela ziqhuba uphuhliso lweshishini leemoto liphela.
2. Yenza isicwangciso esicacileyo sophuhliso.
Kwi-2014, iMorocco yacebisa isicwangciso sophuhliso lwezorhwebo olukhawulezileyo, apho ishishini leemoto libe lishishini eliphambili eMorocco ngenxa yexabiso elongeziweyo, umzi mveliso omde, amandla okuqhuba ngokuqinileyo kunye nesisombululo sengqesho. Ngokwesi sicwangciso, ngo-2020, amandla emveliso kwishishini leemoto laseMorocco liya kunyuka ukusuka kwi-400,000 yangoku ukuya kwi-800,000, iqondo lendawo lonyuka nge-20% ukuya kwi-65%, kwaye nenani lemisebenzi lonyuka nge-90,000 ukuya kwi-170,000.
3. Nika iirhafu ezithile kunye neenkxaso zemali.
Kwisixeko seemoto esisekwe ngurhulumente (inye eTangier naseKenitra), irhafu yengeniso yomdibaniselwano ikhululwe kwiminyaka emi-5 yokuqala, kwaye iirhafu zeminyaka engama-20 ezayo zii-8.75%. Iqondo lerhafu yomdibaniso ngokubanzi yi-30%. Ukongeza, urhulumente waseMorocco unika inkxaso-mali kubavelisi bezinto ezithile ezenza utyalomali eMoroccan, kubandakanya amacandelwana ali-11 kumacandelo amane amakhulu ekhebula, izinto zangaphakathi zeemoto, izitampu zentsimbi kunye neebhetri zokugcina, kwaye lolotyalo-mali lokuqala kwezi mveliso zili-11. -3 Iinkampani zinokufumana inkxaso-mali engama-30% yotyalo-mali oluphezulu.
Ukongeza kule nkxaso-mali ingentla, urhulumente waseMoroccan usebenzisa iNgxowa-mali i-Hassan II kunye ne-Industrial and Investment Development Fund ukubonelela ngenkuthazo yotyalo-mali.
4. Amaziko ezezimali aya kuthi athathe inxaxheba ekuthatheni inxaxheba kuphuhliso loshishino lweemoto.
NgoJulayi 2015, i-Attijariwafa Bank, iBhanki yoRhwebo lwaMazwe ngaMazwe eMorocco (BMCE) kunye ne-BCP Bank, ezona bhanki zintathu zinkulu zaseMorocco, zatyikitya isivumelwano noMphathiswa Wezorhwebo noRhwebo eMoroccan noMbutho Wezorhwebo Weemoto Norhwebo (Amica) ukuxhasa umbutho. Isicwangciso sophuhliso kushishino lweemoto. Ezi bhanki zintathu ziya kubonelela ngeenkonzo zoncedo-mali lwangaphandle kushishino lweemoto, ukukhawulezisa ukuqokelelwa kwemithetho eyilwayo yeekontraktha, kunye nokubonelela ngeenkonzo zenkxaso-mali zotyalo-mali kunye neenkxaso-mali zoqeqesho.
5. Urhulumente waseMorocco ukhuthaze ngamandla uqeqesho lweetalente kwicandelo leemoto.
UKumkani u-Mohammed VI wakhankanya kwintetho yakhe ngomhla wokubekwa etroneni ngo-2015 ukuba kufuneka kuphuculwe nangakumbi uphuhliso lwamaziko oqeqesho kwezobugcisa kwicandelo lezemoto. Okwangoku, amaziko amane oqeqesho lwetalente kushishino lweemoto (IFMIA) asekiwe eTangier, eCasa naseKennethra, apho kugcinwa khona ishishini leemoto. Ukusuka ngo-2010 ukuya ku-2015, kwaqeqeshwa iitalente ezingama-70,000, kubandakanya abaphathi abayi-1,500, iinjineli ezingama-7,000, amagcisa angama-29,000, kunye nabaqhubi abangama-32 500. Ukongeza, urhulumente ukwaxhasa ngezimali uqeqesho lwabasebenzi. Inkxaso yoqeqesho yonyaka ngama-30,000 eedirhams kubasebenzi bezolawulo, i-30,000 dirhams yeetheknoloji, kunye ne-15,000 dirhams yabaqhubi. Umntu ngamnye angazonwabela ezi nkxaso-mali zilapha ngasentla kangangeminyaka emi-3 iyonke.
Ngokutsho kohlalutyo lweZiko loPhando loRhwebo lwase-Afrika, ishishini leemoto kungoku nje licandelo eliphambili lokucwangcisa kunye nophuhliso kurhulumente waseMorocco "Isicwangciso soPhuhliso lwezoShishino olukhawulezayo". Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, izibonelelo ezahlukeneyo ezinje ngezivumelwano zorhwebo lwangaphandle, izicwangciso zophuhliso ezicacileyo, imigaqo-nkqubo elungileyo, inkxaso kumaziko emali, kunye nenani elikhulu leetalente zeemoto ziye zanceda ukukhuthaza ishishini leemoto ukuba libe lelona shishini likhulu lokufumana imveliso kumazwe angaphandle. Okwangoku, utyalomali kushishino lweemoto eMorocco ikakhulu lusekwe kwindibano yeemoto, kwaye ukusekwa kwezityalo zendibano yeemoto kuya kuqhuba ukunyusa iinkampani zecandelo ukutyala imali eMorocco, ngaloo ndlela kuqhuba uphuhliso lweshishini leemoto liphela.
Isalathiso soMthengisi weeNxalenye zoMzantsi Afrika
Isikhombisi soMthengisi weeNxalenye eziZenzekelayo zaseKenya
