(I-African Trade Research Center) Kusukela yazimela, iMorocco isibe ngelinye lamazwe ambalwa e-Afrika azinikele ekuthuthukiseni imboni yezimoto. Ngo-2014, imboni yezimoto yadlula imboni ye-phosphate okokuqala ngqa futhi yaba imboni enkulu kunazo zonke ekhiqiza ukuthekelisa ezweni.
1. Umlando wokuthuthuka wemboni yezimoto eMorocco
1) Isigaba sokuqala
Selokhu izwe laseMorocco lathola inkululeko, selibe ngelinye lamazwe ambalwa e-Afrika azinikele ekuthuthukiseni imboni yezimoto, ngaphandle kwaseNingizimu Afrika neminye imibuso yezimoto.
Ngo-1959, ngosizo lwe-Italian Fiat Automobile Group, iMorocco yasungula iMoroccan Automobile Manufacturing Company (SOMACA). Lesi sitshalo sisetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa izimoto zohlobo lweSimca neFiat, ezinamandla amakhulu okukhiqiza izimoto ezingama-30,000 ngonyaka.
Ngo-2003, ngenxa yezimo ezingezinhle zokusebenza kwe-SOMACA, uhulumeni waseMorocco wanquma ukumisa ukuvuselela inkontileka ne-Fiat Group futhi wathengisa ingxenye yakhe engama-38% kule nkampani kwiFrench Renault Group. Ngo-2005, iRenault Group yathenga wonke amasheya enkampani ekhiqiza izimoto eMoroccan kwaFiat Group, yasebenzisa le nkampani ukuhlanganisa iDacia Logan, okuyimoto eshibhile ngaphansi kwaleli qembu. Ihlela ukukhiqiza izimoto ezingama-30,000 ngonyaka, ingxenye yazo ithunyelwa e-Eurozone naseMiddle East. Izimoto zakwaLogan ngokushesha zaba uphawu lwemoto ethengiswa kakhulu eMorocco.
2) Isigaba sokuthuthuka okusheshayo
Ngo-2007, imboni yezimoto yaseMorocco yangena esigabeni sokuthuthuka okusheshayo. Kulo nyaka, uhulumeni waseMorocco neRenault Group basayine isivumelwano sokuhlanganyela ekuthatheni isinqumo ngokuhlanganyela sokwakha ifektri yezimoto eTangier, eMorocco ngokutshalwa kwezimali okuphelele okungama-euro ayizigidi ezingama-600, ngomkhiqizo oklanyelwe minyaka yonke wezimoto ezingama-400,000, ezingama-90% azothunyelwa kwamanye amazwe .
Ngo-2012, isitshalo seRenault Tangier saqala ukusebenza ngokusemthethweni, ikakhulukazi sasikhiqiza izimoto ezibiza kakhulu zakwaRenault, futhi ngokushesha saba yisikhungo esikhulu sokuhlanganisa izimoto e-Afrika nasendaweni yase-Arab.
Ngo-2013, isigabasesibili sesitshalo iRenault Tangier saqala ukusetshenziswa ngokusemthethweni, futhi umthamo wonyaka wokukhiqiza wakhushulwa waba yizimoto ezingama-340,000 zaya ku-400,000.
Ngo-2014, iRenault Tangier plant kanye nesibambe sayo iSOMACA empeleni yakhiqiza izimoto ezingama-227,000, ezinesilinganiso sendawo esingu-45%, kanti ihlela ukufinyelela kuma-55% kulo nyaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusungulwa nokuthuthukiswa kweRenault Tanger Automobile Assembly Plant kukhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa kwemboni yezimoto ezungeze umfula. Kunezimboni ezingaphezu kwezingama-20 zezingxenye zezimoto ezizungeze ifektri, kufaka phakathi iDenso Co, Ltd., umakhi wezinsimbi waseFrance uSnop, noValeo waseFrance uValeo, umkhiqizi wengilazi yezimoto waseFrance uSanta Gobain, ibhande lesihlalo laseJapan kanye nomkhiqizi we-airbag Takata, nezimoto zaseMelika umenzi wohlelo lwe-elekthronikhi uVisteon, phakathi kwabanye.
NgoJuni 2015, iPeugeot-Citroen Group yaseFrance yamemezela ukuthi izotshala ama-euro ayizigidi ezingama-557 eMorocco ukwakha indawo yokuhlanganisa izimoto enomphumela wokugcina waminyaka yonke wezimoto ezingama-200,000. Izokhiqiza ikakhulukazi izimoto ezingabizi kakhulu njengePeugeot 301 ezithunyelwa ezimakethe zendabuko e-Afrika naseMiddle East. Kuzoqala ukukhiqizwa ngo-2019.
I-3) Imboni yezimoto isiphenduke imboni enkulu kakhulu yokuthekelisa eMorocco
Kusuka ngonyaka wezi-2009 kuya kowezi-2014, inani lemikhiqizo yezimboni zezimoto laseMoroccan lonyaka lithumele ngaphandle lisuka ezigidini eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-12 laya ezigidini ezingama-40, kanti isabelo salo ekuthengisweni kwamanye amazwe kweMorocco nalo lenyuka lisuka ku-10.6% laya ku-20.1%.
Ukuhlaziywa kwedatha ezimakethe ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe zezithuthuthu kukhombisa ukuthi kusuka ngo-2007 kuya ku-2013, izimakethe ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe zezithuthuthu zigxile kakhulu emazweni angama-31 aseYurophu, zibalwa ngama-93%, okuyi-46% yazo iFrance, iSpain, i-Italy kanye ne-United Kingdom. ngokulandelana Bangama-35%, 7% no-4.72%. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izwekazi lase-Afrika liphinde libe yingxenye yemakethe, iGibhithe neTunisia zingu-2.5% no-1.2% ngokulandelana.
Ngo-2014, yadlula imboni ye-phosphate okokuqala ngqa, kanti imboni yezimoto yaseMoroccan yaba imboni enkulu kakhulu yokuhola emazweni angaphandle eMoroccan. UNgqongqoshe Wezimboni Nezohwebo waseMorocco u-Alami wathi ngonovemba 2015 ukuthi umthamo wokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe wemboni yezimoto eMorocco kulindeleke ukuthi ufinyelele kuma-dirham ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyikhulu ngo-2020.
Ukuthuthuka okusheshayo kwemboni yezimoto kuthuthukise ukuncintisana kwemikhiqizo yokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe yaseMorocco ngezinga elithile, futhi ngasikhathi sinye yathuthukisa isimo sokushoda kwesikhathi eside kwezohwebo lwangaphandle lwaseMorocco. Engxenyeni yokuqala yonyaka we-2015, iqhutshwa ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe okuvela embonini yezimoto, iMorocco yayinensalela yokuhweba neFrance, umlingani wayo wesibili ngobukhulu kwezohwebo, okokuqala ngqa, efinyelela kuma-euro ayizigidi ezingama-198.
Kubikwa ukuthi imboni yezintambo zezimoto zaseMorocco ibilokhu iyimboni enkulu kunazo zonke embonini yezimoto zaseMorocco. Njengamanje, le mboni iqoqe izinkampani ezingaphezu kwezingama-70 futhi yazuza ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwama-dirham ayi-17.3 billion ngonyaka wezi-2014. Kodwa-ke, ngenkathi kuqaliswa ukusebenza komshini wokuhlanganisa iRenault Tangier ngo-2012, ukuthunyelwa kwezimoto eMoroccan kwenyuka kusuka ku-Dh1.2 billion ngo-2010 kuya ku-Dh19. 5 billion ngo-2014, okuyisilinganiso sokukhula saminyaka yonke esingaphezu kwama-52%, sidlula isimo esedlule. Ukuthekelisa komkhakha wekhebula.
2. Imakethe yezimoto zasekhaya yaseMorocco
Ngenxa yesisekelo sabantu esincane, imakethe yezimoto ezifuywayo eMorocco incane kakhulu. Kusukela ngo-2007 kuya ku-2014, ukuthengiswa kwezimoto minyaka yonke kwakuphakathi kuka-100 000 no-130,000 kuphela. Ngokwemininingwane evela kwaMotorcycle importers Association, inani lokuthengiswa kwezithuthuthu lenyuke ngo-1.09% ngo-2014, kanti inani lokuthengisa lezimoto ezintsha lafinyelela ku-122,000, kodwa lalisephansi kunerekhodi lika-130,000 elabekwa ngo-2012. Phakathi kwazo, ezishibhile zakwaRenault imoto yemoto iDacia iyona ethengisa kakhulu. Imininingwane yokuthengisa yomkhiqizo ngamunye imi ngale ndlela elandelayo: Ukuthengiswa kwezimoto ezingama-Dacia ezingama-33 737, okuyisibalo esikhuphuke ngo-11%; Ukuthengiswa kweRenault 11475, ukwehla ngo-31%; Izimoto zakwaFord ezithengisa izimoto eziyi-11,194, okuyinyuka ngo-8.63%; Ukuthengiswa kweFiat yezimoto eziyi-10 074, okuwukunyuka okungu-33%; Ukuthengiswa kwePeugeot 8,901, Phansi ngo-8.15%; AbakwaCitroen badayise izimoto ezingama-5,382, okunyuke ngo-7.21%; AbakwaToyota badayise izimoto ezingama-5138, nokuyimali enyuke ngo-34%.
3. Imboni yezimoto yaseMorocco iheha utshalomali lwangaphandle
Kusukela ngo-2010 kuya ku-2013, utshalomali oluqondile lwangaphandle oludonswe yimboni yezithuthuthu lwakhula kakhulu, kusuka ku-dirhams eyizigidi ezingama-660 kuya kuma-dirham ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-2,4, futhi isabelo salo sokutshalwa kwezimali okuqondile kwamazwe angaphandle okuhehwa umkhakha wezimboni sikhuphukile sisuka ku-19.2% saya ku-45.3%. Phakathi kwabo, ngo-2012, ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwefektri yakwaRenault Tangier, ukutshalwa kwezimali okuqondile kwamanye amazwe kwaheha lowo nyaka kwafinyelela inani eliphakeme lama-dirham angama-3.7 billion.
IFrance ingumthombo omkhulu kunayo yonke wokutshalwa kwezimali okuqondile eMorocco. Ngokusungulwa kwefektri yezimoto zakwaRenault Tangier, iMorocco kancane kancane iba yisizinda sokukhiqiza sakwamanye amazwe sezinkampani zaseFrance. Lo mkhuba uzobonakala kakhulu ngemuva kokuphothulwa kwesisekelo sokukhiqiza sikaPeugeot-Citroen eSithuthuthu ngo-2019.
4. Izinzuzo zokuthuthukiswa komkhakha wezimoto waseMorocco
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, imboni yezimoto yaseMorocco isibe ngenye yezinjini zentuthuko yezimboni. Njengamanje kunezinkampani ezingaphezu kuka-200 ezisatshalaliswa ezikhungweni ezintathu ezinkulu, okuyiTangier (43%), iCasablanca (39%) neKenitra (7%). Ngokungeziwe endaweni yayo ephakeme yezwe, isimo sezombusazwe esizinzile, nezindleko eziphansi zabasebenzi, ukuthuthuka kwayo okusheshayo kunezizathu ezilandelayo:
1. IMorocco isayine izivumelwano zokuhweba zamahhala ne-European Union, amazwe ama-Arab, i-United States neTurkey, kanti imboni yezimoto yaseMorocco nayo ingathumela emazweni angenhla ngaphandle kwemali ekhokhwayo.
Abakhiqizi bezimoto baseFrance iRenault ne Peugeot-Citroen babone izinzuzo ezingenhla base beguqula iMorocco yaba isikhungo sokukhiqiza izimoto ezingabizi kakhulu ezithunyelwa emazweni ase-European Union kanye nasemazweni ase-Arab. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusungulwa kwesikhungo sokuhlanganisa izimoto kuzoshayela izinkampani zezingxenye ezisezingeni eliphezulu ukutshala imali nokusungula amafektri eMorocco, ngaleyo ndlela kuqhube ukuthuthukiswa kwayo yonke imboni yezimoto.
2. Yenza uhlelo olucacile lwentuthuko.
Ngo-2014, iMorocco yaphakamisa uhlelo lokusheshiswa kwentuthuko yezimboni, lapho imboni yezimoto isiphenduke imboni ebalulekile eMorocco ngenxa yenani layo eliphakeme elengeziwe, uchungechunge lwezimboni ezinde, amandla okushayela aqinile nokuxazululwa kwemisebenzi. Ngokwalolu hlelo, ngo-2020, amandla okukhiqiza embonini yezimoto zaseMorocco azokhuphuka kusuka ku-400,000 yamanje kuya ku-800,000, izinga lendawo lizokwenyuka ngo-20% liye ku-65%, kanti inani lemisebenzi lizokhuphuka ngama-90,000 liye ku-170,000.
3. Nikeza izintela ezithile kanye noxhaso lwezezimali.
Edolobheni lezimoto elisungulwe nguhulumeni (eyodwa eTangier naseKenitra), intela yemali engenayo yenkampani iyakhululwa eminyakeni emihlanu yokuqala, kanti isilinganiso sentela seminyaka engama-20 ezayo ngu-8.75%. Izinga lentela ejwayelekile yenkampani ngu-30%. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhulumeni waseMorocco uphinde unikeze uxhaso kwabanye abakhiqizi bezingxenye zezimoto abatshala imali eMoroccan, kufaka phakathi imikhakha engaphansi kwengu-11 emikhakheni emine emikhulu yezintambo, izindlu zezimoto, izitembu zezinsimbi kanye namabhethri okugcina, futhi kungukutshalwa kwezimali kokuqala kulezi zimboni eziyi-11. -3 Izinkampani zingathola uxhaso lwama-30% wesamba esiphezulu sokutshalwa kwemali.
Ngaphezu koxhaso olungenhla, uhulumeni waseMorocco uphinde asebenzise iSikhwama seHassan II kanye neSikhwama Sokuthuthukiswa Kwezimboni kanye Notshalomali ukuhlinzeka ngezikhuthazo zokutshalwa kwezimali.
4. Izikhungo zezimali zizoqhubeka nokubamba iqhaza ekwesekeni ukuthuthukiswa komkhakha wezimoto.
NgoJulayi 2015, i-Attijariwafa Bank, i-Moroccan Foreign Trade Bank (i-BMCE) ne-BCP Bank, amabhange amathathu amakhulu waseMorocco, asayina isivumelwano noMnyango Wezimboni Nezohwebo eMoroccan kanye neMoroccan Automobile Industry and Commerce Association (Amica) ukuxhasa le Nhlangano. isu lokuthuthukiswa kwemboni yezimoto. Amabhange amathathu azohlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zokuxhasa ngemali angaphandle embonini yezimoto, asheshise ukuqoqwa kwemali ekhokhelwa osonkontileka abancane, futhi ahlinzeke ngezinsizakalo zezezimali zotshalo-mali kanye noxhaso lokuqeqesha.
5. Uhulumeni waseMorocco ukhuthaza ngamandla ukuqeqeshwa kwamathalente emkhakheni wezimoto.
INkosi uMohammed VI yakhuluma enkulumweni yayo ngosuku lokubekwa esihlalweni sobukhosi ngonyaka wezi-2015 ukuthi kumele kuqhutshekwe phambili nokuthuthukiswa kwezikhungo zokuqeqeshelwa amakhono embonini yezimoto. Njengamanje, sekusungulwe izikhungo ezine zokuqeqesha amakhono amakhono embonini yezimoto (IFMIA) eTangier, Casa naseKennethra, lapho imboni yezimoto igxile khona. Kusukela ngo-2010 kuya ku-2015, kwaqeqeshwa amathalente angama-70,000, kufaka phakathi abaphathi abayi-1 500, onjiniyela abangu-7,000, ochwepheshe abangama-29,000, nabasebenza ngo-32 500. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhulumeni uphinde axhase ukuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi. Uxhaso lokuqeqeshwa lwaminyaka yonke ngama-dirham angama-30,000 wabasebenzi bokuphatha, ama-dirham angama-30,000 ochwepheshe, nama-dirham ayi-15,000 opharetha. Umuntu ngamunye angaluthokozela uxhaso olungenhla iminyaka engama-3 isiyonke.
Ngokuya ngokuhlaziywa kwe-African Trade Research Centre, imboni yezimoto njengamanje iyimboni esemqoka yokuhlela nokuthuthukisa kuhulumeni waseMorocco "Uhlelo Lokuthuthukiswa Kwezimboni". Eminyakeni yamuva nje, izinzuzo ezahlukahlukene ezifana nezivumelwano zenzuzo yokuhweba kwamanye amazwe, izinhlelo ezicacile zentuthuko, izinqubomgomo ezithandekayo, ukwesekwa okuvela ezikhungweni zezezimali, kanye nenani elikhulu lamathalente ezimoto kusizile ukukhuthaza imboni yezimoto ukuthi ibe yimboni enkulu kunazo zonke yokuhola emazweni angaphandle. Njengamanje, utshalomali lwezimboni zezimoto eMorocco lususelwa enhlanganweni yezimoto, futhi ukusungulwa kwezindawo zokuhlanganisa izimoto kuzothuthukisa izinkampani ezihamba phezulu ukuze zitshale imali eMorocco, ngaleyo ndlela ziqhube ukuthuthukiswa kwayo yonke imboni yezimoto.
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