1. Umsuka wegama elithi "resin"
Ipulasitiki iyinto ene-polymer ephezulu njengengxenye eyinhloko. Iqukethe i-resin yokwenziwa kanye nokugcwaliswa, ama-plasticizers, ama-stabilizers, ama-lubricants, ama-pigment nezinye izithasiselo. Kusesimweni soketshezi ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza nokucubungula ukwenza kube lula ukumodeliswa, Iveza isimo esiqinile lapho ukucubungula kuqediwe. Ingxenye eyinhloko yepulasitiki yi-resin yokwenziwa. Izinhlaka ekuqaleni zibizwa ngama-lipids afihlwe izilwane nezitshalo, njenge-rosin, i-shellac, njll. Izinhlaka zokwenziwa (kwesinye isikhathi kubizwa nje ngokuthi "ama-resins") zibhekisa kuma-polymers anama-molecular aphezulu angaxutshwanga nezithasiselo ezahlukahlukene. I-resin ibalelwa ku-40% kuya ku-100% wesisindo esiphelele sepulasitiki. Izici eziyisisekelo zamapulasitiki ikakhulukazi zinqunywa izakhiwo ze-resin, kepha izithasiselo nazo zidlala indima ebalulekile.
2. Kungani kufanele kuguqulwe oplastiki?
Okubizwa ngokuthi "ukuguqulwa kwepulasitiki" kusho indlela yokwengeza into eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ku-resin yepulasitiki ukushintsha ukusebenza kwayo kwasekuqaleni, ukuthuthukisa into eyodwa noma ngaphezulu, bese ngaleyo ndlela kufezekiswe inhloso yokwandisa ububanzi bayo bokusebenzisa. Izinto zepulasitiki eziguquliwe ngokuhlanganyela zibizwa ngokuthi "amaplastiki aguquliwe".
Kuze kube manje, ucwaningo nentuthuko yemboni yamakhemikhali epulasitiki ihlanganise izinkulungwane zezinto zokwenziwa kwamakhemikhali, zazo ezingaphezu kwekhulu kuphela ezinenani lezimboni. Ngaphezu kwama-90% wezinto ezisetshenziswayo ze-resin ezisetshenzisiwe zepulasitiki zigxilwe ezinhlakeni ezinhlanu ezijwayelekile (i-PE, i-PP, i-PVC, i-PS, i-ABS) Okwamanje, kunzima kakhulu ukuqhubeka nokuhlanganisa inani elikhulu lezinto ezintsha ze-polymer, okungabizi futhi kungokoqobo.
Ngakho-ke, ukutadisha ngokujulile kobudlelwano phakathi kokwakheka kwe-polymer, ukwakheka nokusebenza, kanye nokuguqulwa kwamapulasitiki akhona ngalesi sizathu, ukukhiqiza izinto ezifanelekile zepulasitiki, sekube enye yezindlela eziphumelelayo zokuthuthukisa imboni yeplastikhi. Imboni yeplastiki yezocansi nayo izuze ukuthuthuka okukhulu eminyakeni yamuva.
Ukuguqulwa kwepulasitiki kubhekisa ekushintsheni izakhiwo zezinto zepulasitiki ohlangothini olulindelwe ngabantu ngokusebenzisa izindlela zomzimba, zamakhemikhali noma zombili izindlela, noma ukunciphisa kakhulu izindleko, noma ukwenza ngcono izakhiwo ezithile, noma ukunikeza amapulasitiki Umsebenzi omusha walokho okusetshenziswayo. Inqubo yokuguqula ingenzeka ngesikhathi se-polymerization ye-resin yokwenziwa, okungukuthi, ukuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali, njengokuhlanganiswa kwe-copolymerization, ukuxhumanisa, ukuxhumanisa, njll., Kungenziwa futhi ngesikhathi sokucubungula i-resin yokwenziwa, okungukuthi, ukuguqulwa komzimba, ukugcwalisa kanye nokubambisana kwe-polymerization. Ukuxuba, ukuthuthukisa, njll. Phendula ku- "plastic modified" ukuze ubone okuningi
3. Yiziphi izindlela zokuguqulwa kwepulasitiki?
1. Kukhona cishe izinhlobo ezilandelayo zezindlela zokuguqulwa kwepulasitiki:
I-1) Ukuqinisa: Inhloso yokwandisa ukuqina namandla kwento kutholakala ngokungeza okugcwalisa imicu noma i-flake njenge-fiber fiber, i-carbon fiber, ne-mica powder, njenge-fiber fiber eqinisiwe ye-nylon esetshenziswa kumathuluzi kagesi.
2) Ukuthinta: Inhloso yokwenza ngcono ukuqina / amandla omthelela wepulasitiki kutholakala ngokungeza i-raber, i-elastomers ye-thermoplastic nezinye izinto kuplastiki, njenge-polypropylene ethintekayo evame ukusetshenziswa ezimotweni, ezintweni ezisetshenziswa ekhaya nasezinsizeni zezimboni.
3) Ukuxuba: ngokufanayo hlanganisa izinto ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ezingahambisani ngokuphelele nezinto zepolymer zibe ingxube ehambelana ne-macro-ehambisanayo nehlukaniswe isigaba ukuze ihlangabezane nezidingo ezithile ngokuya ngezakhiwo zomzimba nezomshini, izakhiwo ezibonakalayo, nezakhiwo zokucubungula. Indlela edingekayo.
I-4) I-alloy: kufana nokuxubana, kepha ngokuhambisana okuhle phakathi kwezakhi, kulula ukwakha uhlelo olufanayo, nezakhiwo ezithile ezingenakufinyelelwa ngento eyodwa, njenge-PC / ABS alloy, noma i-PS modified PPO, kungaba okutholakele.
5) Ukugcwalisa: Inhloso yokwenza ngcono izakhiwo zomzimba nezomshini noma ukunciphisa izindleko kutholakala ngokungeza okugcwalisa kupulasitiki.
6) Okunye ukuguqulwa: njengokusebenzisa izinto zokugcwalisa ukwehlisa amandla kagesi wamapulasitiki; ukwengezwa kwama-antioxidants / ama-stabilizers alula ukuthuthukisa ukumelana nesimo sezulu kwezinto; ukwengezwa kwezingulube / udayi ukushintsha umbala wento, nokwengeza izithambisi zangaphakathi / zangaphandle ukwenza okokusebenza Ukusebenza kokucutshungulwa kwepulasitiki eyisi-crystalline kuyathuthukiswa, i-ejenti ye-nucleating isetshenziselwa ukuguqula izici zamakristalu i-semi-crystalline plastic ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo zayo zemishini ne-optical, njalonjalo.
Ngaphezu kwezindlela ezingenhla zokuguqula ngokomzimba, kunezindlela zokuguqula amapulasitiki ngokwenziwa kwamakhemikhali ukuthola izakhiwo ezithile, njenge-maleic anhydride ehlanganisiwe i-polyolefin, i-polyethylene crosslinking, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwama-peroxides embonini yendwangu. Hlaza i-resin ukuze uthuthukise izakhiwo ze-fluidity / fiber-ukwakha izakhiwo, njll. . Kunezinto eziningi ezahlukene.
Imboni ivame ukusebenzisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuguqula ndawonye, njengokufaka injoloba nezinye izinto eziqinisa inqubo yokuguqulwa kwepulasitiki ukuze kungalahlekelwa amandla omthelela omningi; noma ukuxubana komzimba ekukhiqizeni ama-thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPV) Kanye nokuxhumanisa amakhemikhali, njll.
Eqinisweni, noma iyiphi impahla eluhlaza engapulasitiki iqukethe okungenani ingxenye ethile yama-stabilizers lapho ishiya ifektri ukuyivimbela ukuthi yehlise ngesikhathi sokugcinwa, ukuthuthwa nokucutshungulwa. Ngakho-ke, "amaplastikhi angashintshiwe" ngomqondo oqinile awekho. Kodwa-ke, embonini, i-resin eyisisekelo ekhiqizwa kwizitshalo zamakhemikhali ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "ipulasitiki engashintshiwe" noma "i-resin emsulwa."
