Ipulasitiki iyinto ene-polymer ephezulu njengengxenye eyinhloko. Iqukethe i-resin yokwenziwa kanye nokugcwaliswa, ama-plasticizers, ama-stabilizers, ama-lubricants, ama-pigment nezinye izithasiselo. Kusesimweni soketshezi ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza nokucubungula ukwenza kube lula ukumodela, Inikeza ukwakheka okuqinile lapho ukucubungula kuqediwe.
Ingxenye eyinhloko yepulasitiki yi-resin yokwenziwa. Izinhlaka ekuqaleni zibizwa ngama-lipids afihlwe izilwane nezitshalo, njenge-rosin, i-shellac, njll. Izinhlaka zokwenziwa (kwesinye isikhathi kubizwa nje ngokuthi "izinhlaka") zibhekisa kuma-polymers angaxutshwanga nezithasiselo ezahlukahlukene. I-resin ibalelwa ku-40% kuya ku-100% wesisindo esiphelele sepulasitiki. Izici eziyisisekelo zamapulasitiki ikakhulukazi zinqunywa izakhiwo ze-resin, kepha izithasiselo nazo zidlala indima ebalulekile.
Kungani kufanele kuguqulwe ipulasitiki?
Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ukuguqulwa kwepulasitiki" kubhekisa kundlela yokushintsha ukusebenza kwayo kwasekuqaleni nokwenza ngcono into eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ngokufaka into eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ku-resin yepulasitiki, ngaleyo ndlela kufezekiswe inhloso yokwandisa ububanzi bayo bokusebenzisa. Izinto zepulasitiki eziguquliwe ngokuhlanganyela zibizwa ngokuthi "amaplastiki aguquliwe".
Kuze kube manje, ucwaningo nentuthuko yemboni yamakhemikhali epulasitiki ihlanganise izinkulungwane zezinto ze-polymer, zazo ezingaphezu kwekhulu kuphela ezinenani lezimboni. Ngaphezu kwama-90% wezinto zokwakheka kwe-resin ezivame ukusetshenziswa kuma-plastiki zigxilwe ezinhlakeni ezinhlanu ezijwayelekile (i-PE, i-PP, i-PVC, i-PS, i-ABS) Okwamanje, kunzima kakhulu ukuqhubeka nokuhlanganisa inani elikhulu lezinto ezintsha ze-polymer, akuyona eyongayo noma engokoqobo.
Ngakho-ke, ukutadisha ngokujulile kobudlelwano phakathi kokwakheka kwe-polymer, ukwakheka nokusebenza, kanye nokuguqulwa kwamapulasitiki akhona ngalesi sizathu, ukukhiqiza izinto ezifanelekile zepulasitiki, sekube enye yezindlela eziphumelelayo zokuthuthukisa imboni yeplastikhi. Imboni yeplastiki yezocansi nayo izuze ukuthuthuka okukhulu eminyakeni yamuva.
Ukuguqulwa kwepulasitiki kubhekisa ekushintsheni izakhiwo zezinto zepulasitiki ohlangothini olulindelwe ngabantu ngokusebenzisa izindlela zomzimba, zamakhemikhali noma zombili izindlela, noma ukunciphisa kakhulu izindleko, noma ukwenza ngcono izakhiwo ezithile, noma ukunika amapulasitiki imisebenzi emisha yezinto. Inqubo yokuguqula ingenzeka ngesikhathi se-polymerization ye-resin yokwenziwa, okungukuthi, ukuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali, njengokuhlanganiswa kwe-copolymerization, ukuxhumanisa, ukuxhumanisa, njll., Kungenziwa futhi ngesikhathi sokucubungula i-resin yokwenziwa, okungukuthi, ukuguqulwa komzimba, ukugcwalisa, ukuxuba ngokuhlanganisa, ukuthuthukisa, njll.
Yiziphi izindlela zokuguqulwa kwepulasitiki?
1. Ukugcwalisa ukuguqulwa (ukugcwaliswa kwamaminerali)
Ngokwengeza i-inorganic mineral (organic) powder kuma-plastiki ajwayelekile, ukuqina, ubulukhuni nokumelana nokushisa kwezinto zepulasitiki kungathuthukiswa. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zokugcwalisa futhi izakhiwo zazo ziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwedlulele.
Indima yezigcwalisi zepulasitiki: ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwepulasitiki, ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali, ukukhulisa ivolumu, nokunciphisa izindleko.
Izidingo zezithasiselo zepulasitiki:
(1) Izakhi zamakhemikhali azisebenzi, azisebenzi, futhi aziphikisi kabi ngenhlaka nezinye izithasiselo;
(2) Akuthinti ukumelana kwamanzi, ukumelana namakhemikhali, ukumelana nesimo sezulu, ukumelana nokushisa, njll.
(3) Akunciphisi izinto ezibonakalayo zepulasitiki;
(4) Ingagcwaliswa ngobuningi;
(5) Ubuningi obuhlobene buncane futhi abunamphumela omncane ekumeni komkhiqizo.
2. Ukuguqulwa okuthuthukisiwe (ingilazi fiber / carbon fiber)
Izinyathelo zokuqinisa: ngokungeza izinto ezinemicu efana ne-fiber fiber kanye ne-carbon fiber.
Ukusebenza komphumela: kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukuqina, amandla, ubulukhuni, nokumelana nokushisa kwento,
Imiphumela emibi yokuguqulwa: Kepha izinto eziningi zizodala indawo embi kanye nokunwebeka okuphansi ngesikhathi sekhefu.
Isimiso sokuthuthukisa:
(1) Izinto eziqinisiwe zinamandla amakhulu kanye ne-modulus;
(2) I-resin inezinto eziningi ezinhle kakhulu ezingokomzimba nezamakhemikhali (ukumelana nokugqwala, ukuvimba, ukumelana nemisebe, ukumelana nokwehla kokushisa okuphezulu, kanye nokunye);
(3) Ngemuva kokuthi i-resin ihlanganiswe nezinto zokuqinisa, into yokuqinisa ingathuthukisa imishini noma ezinye izakhiwo ze-resin, futhi i-resin ingadlala indima yokubopha nokudlulisa umthwalo entweni yokuqinisa, ukuze ipulasitiki eqinisiwe izakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu.
3. Ukuguqulwa kokuthinta
Izinto eziningi azilukhuni ngokwanele futhi ziyaqhephuka. Ngokwengeza izinto ezinobunzima obungcono noma izinto ezingaphili ze-ultrafine, ukuqina nokusebenza okushisa okuphansi kwezinto kungakhuphuka.
Umenzeli wokuthinta: Ukuze unciphise ubulukhuni bepulasitiki ngemuva kokwenza lukhuni, futhi uthuthukise amandla alo omthelela nokunwebeka, isithasiselo esengezwe ku-resin.
Ama-ejensi wokuqinisa asetshenziswa kakhulu-ikakhulukazi ama-anhydride wokuxhunyelelwa kokuhlanganiswa
I-Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA)
I-Polyolefin elastomer (POE)
I-Polyethylene Ekhiqiziwe (CPE)
I-Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS)
I-Styrene-butadiene thermoplastic elastomer (SBS)
I-EPDM (EPDM)
4.Ukulungiswa kwe-Flame retardant (i-halogen-free flame retardant)
Ezimbonini eziningi ezinjengezinto zikagesi kanye nezimoto, izinto zokwakha ziyadingeka ukuthi zingabeki ilangabi, kepha izinto eziningi zepulasitiki ezisetshenziswayo zinokubuyiselwa emuva kwelangabi. Ukuthuthuka kwelangabi okungcono kungatholakala ngokungeza amalangabi omlilo.
Ama-Flame retardants: aziwa nangokuthi ama-flame retardants, ama-fire retardants noma ama-fire retardants, izithasiselo ezisebenzayo ezinikeza ukubuyisela emuva ilangabi kuma-polymers avuthayo; iningi lazo i-VA (phosphorus), i-VIIA (i-bromine, i-chlorine) nama-compounds wezinto ze-ⅢA (antimony, aluminium).
Amakhemikhali e-Molybdenum, ama-tin compounds, kanye ne-iron compounds enemiphumela yokunciphisa umusi nakho kungokwesigaba sama-retardants amalangabi. Zisetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi amapulasitiki anezidingo zokubuyisela ilangabi ukubambezela noma ukuvimbela ukushiswa kwamapulasitiki, ikakhulukazi amapulasitiki e-polymer. Yenze ibe yinde ukukhanyisa, ukuzicisha, futhi kube nzima ukukushisa.
Ilangabi plastic cishe yizona ezisetshenziswa kabanzi grade: kusukela HB, V-2, V-1, V-0, 5VB ukuze 5VA igxathu negxathu.
5. Ukuguqulwa kwesimo sezulu (ukulwa nokuguga, i-anti-ultraviolet, ukumelana nokushisa okuphansi)
Ngokuvamile kubhekiswa ekumelaneni okubandayo kwepulasitiki emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Ngenxa yobuncane bokushisa obuphansi kwamapulasitiki, amapulasitiki aqala ukubheda emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Ngakho-ke, imikhiqizo eminingi epulasitiki esetshenziswa ezindaweni ezinamazinga okushisa aphansi imvamisa iyadingeka ukuthi ibe nokumelana namakhaza.
Ukumelana nesimo sezulu: kubhekisa ochungechungeni lwezimo zokuguga njengokufiphala, ukushintsha kombala, ukuqhekeka, ukumaka, nokuncipha kwamandla kwemikhiqizo yepulasitiki ngenxa yethonya lezimo zangaphandle ezifana nokukhanya kwelanga, ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa, umoya nemvula. Imisebe ye-Ultraviolet iyisici esibalulekile ekukhuthazeni ukuguga kwepulasitiki.
6. Ingxubevange eshintshiwe
Ingxubevange yePulasitiki ukusetshenziswa kokuxubana ngokomzimba noma kokuxhunyelelwa kwamakhemikhali nezindlela zokwenziwa kwamakhemikhali ukulungiselela izinto ezimbili noma ngaphezulu zibe yinto ephezulu yokusebenza, esebenzayo, futhi ekhethekile yokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwento eyodwa noma zibe nakho kokubili inhloso yezinto ezibonakalayo. Ingathuthukisa noma ithuthukise ukusebenza kwamapulasitiki akhona futhi yehlise izindleko.
Ama-alloys ejwayelekile epulasitiki: njenge-PVC, i-PE, i-PP, ama-alloys we-PS asetshenziswa kabanzi, futhi ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza buye babonwa kahle.
Ingxubevange yeplastiki yobunjiniyela: ibhekisa enhlanganisweni yamaplastiki wobunjiniyela (i-resin), ikakhulukazi kufaka phakathi uhlelo lokuxubana ne-PC, i-PBT, i-PA, i-POM (i-polyoxymethylene), i-PPO, i-PTFE (i-polytetrafluoroethylene) namanye amapulasitiki wobunjiniyela njengomzimba omkhulu, ne-resin ye-ABS izinto eziguquliwe.
Izinga lokukhula lokusetshenziswa kwe-PC / ABS alloy liphambili emkhakheni wepulasitiki. Njengamanje, ucwaningo lwe-PC / ABS alloying lube yindawo yokucwaninga yama-alloys e-polymer.
7. I-Zirconium phosphate epulasitiki eguquliwe
1) Ukulungiswa kwe-polypropylene PP / organic modified zirconium phosphate OZrP composite by melt blending method and its application in engineering plastics
Okokuqala, i-octadecyl dimethyl tertiary amine (DMA) iyenziwa nge-α-zirconium phosphate ukuthola i-zirconium phosphate (OZrP) eguqulwe ngokwenziwe, bese i-OZrP incibilika ixutshwe ne-polypropylene (PP) ukulungiselela inhlanganisela ye-PP / OZrP. Lapho i-OZrP inengxenyana yesisindo esingu-3% ingezwa, amandla okuqina, amandla okuthelela, namandla e-flexural we-PP / OZrP composite angakhuphuka ngo-18.2%, 62. 5%, no-11.3%, ngokulandelana, kuqhathaniswa okumsulwa PP impahla. Ukuzinza okushisayo nakho kuthuthukiswe kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umkhawulo owodwa we-DMA uhlangana nezinto ezingaphili ukuze wakhe isibopho samakhemikhali, kanti omunye umkhawulo weketanga elide ubhajwe ngokomzimba ne-PP yamangqamuzana wamangqamuzana ukukhulisa ukuqina kwento ehlanganisiwe. Amandla womthelela athuthukisiwe nokuzinza okushisayo kungenxa ye-zirconium phosphate eyenzelwe i-PP ukukhiqiza β amakristalu. Okwesibili, ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-PP eguquliwe nezendlalelo ze-zirconium phosphate kwandisa ibanga phakathi kwezendlalelo ze-zirconium phosphate nokusabalalisa okungcono, okuholela ekukhuleni kwamandla okugoba. Lobu buchwepheshe busiza ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwamaplastiki wobunjiniyela.
2) I-Polyvinyl alcohol / i-α-zirconium phosphate nanocomposite nokusetshenziswa kwayo ezintweni ezisebenza ngamalangabi
I-Polyvinyl alcohol / i-α-zirconium phosphate nanocomposites ingasetshenziselwa ukulungiselela izinto ezilahla ilangabi. indlela yile:
Okokuqala, indlela ye-reflux isetshenziselwa ukulungiselela i-α-zirconium phosphate.
CcNgokuya kwesilinganiso esiqinile samanzi esingu-100 mL / g, thatha ubungako be-α-zirconium phosphate powder bese uyihlakaza emanzini angenawo amandla, engeza isisombululo se-ethylamine aqueous dropwise ngaphansi kokunyakazisa kukazibuthe ekamelweni lokushisa, bese ufaka i-diethanolamine eningi, bese ulapha nge-ultrasonically ukulungiselela i-ZrP -OH Isixazululo samanzi.
IssQeda inani elithile lotshwala be-polyvinyl (PVA) emanzini angama-90 ion enza isisombululo esingu-5%, engeza isisombululo esinamanzi se-ZrP-OH, qhubeka unyakazise amahora angu-6-10, upholise isixazululo bese usithululela esikhunjeni ukuze umoya owomile ekamelweni lokushisa, Kungakhiwa ifilimu elincane elingaba ngu-0.15 mm
Ukwengezwa kwe-ZrP-OH kunciphisa kakhulu ukushisa kokuqala kwe-PVA, futhi ngasikhathi sinye kusiza ukukhuthaza ukusabela kwekhabhoni kwemikhiqizo yokucekelwa phansi kwe-PVA. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-polyanion eyenziwe ngesikhathi sokucekelwa phansi kwe-ZrP-OH isebenza njengendawo ye-proton acid ukukhuthaza ukusabela kokucheba kweqembu le-PVA acid ngokusabela kwe-Norrish II. Ukusabela kwe-carbonization kwemikhiqizo yokuwohloka kwe-PVA kuthuthukisa ukumelana kwe-oxidation koqweqwe lwekhabhoni, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwelangabi okubuyisa izinto ezihlanganisiwe.
3) Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) / oxidized starch / α-zirconium phosphate nanocomposite nendima yayo ekwenzeni ngcono izakhiwo zemishini
I-Α-Zirconium phosphate yenziwa ngendlela ye-sol-gel reflux, eguqulwe ngokwenziwe nge-n-butylamine, ne-OZrP ne-PVA zahlanganiswa ukulungiselela i-nanocomposite ye-PVA / α-ZrP. Thuthukisa ngempumelelo izakhiwo zomshini wezinto ezihlanganisiwe. Lapho i-matrix ye-PVA iqukethe i-0.8% ngosayizi we-α-ZrP, amandla we-tensile nobude ekuqhekekeni kwento ehlanganisiwe benyuka ngo-17.3% no-26. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-PVA emsulwa, ngokulandelana. 6%. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-α-ZrP hydroxyl ingaveza ukuhlangana okuqinile kwe-hydrogen ne-starch molecular hydroxyl, okuholela ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zemishini. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuzinza okushisayo nakho kuthuthukiswa kakhulu.
4) Polystyrene / organic modified zirconium phosphate composite material and its application in high temperature processing nanocomposite materials
I-α-Zirconium phosphate (α-ZrP) isekelwa ngaphambili yi-methylamine (MA) ukuthola isisombululo se-MA-ZrP, bese isixazululo se-p-chloromethyl styrene (DMA-CMS) esihlanganisiwe siyangezwa kusixazululo se-MA-ZrP futhi sishukunyiswe igumbi lokushisa 2 d, umkhiqizo uyahlungwa, okuqinile kugezwa ngamanzi acolisisiwe ukuze kungatholakali i-chlorine, bese komiswa ku-vacuum ku-80 ℃ nge-24 h. Ekugcineni, ukuhlanganiswa kulungiswa ngobuningi be-polymerization. Ngesikhathi se-polymerization eningi, ingxenye ye-styrene ingena phakathi kwama-zirconium phosphate laminates, bese kwenzeka ukusabela kwe-polymerization. Ukuzinza okushisayo komkhiqizo kuthuthukiswe kakhulu, ukuhambisana nomzimba we-polymer kungcono, futhi kungahlangabezana nezidingo zokucubungula okushisa okuphezulu kwezinto ze-nanocomposite.
