Iiplastikhi ezinokuboliswa ziintsholongwane zinokwahlulwa-hlulwa zibe ziiplastiki ezinokuthotywa ezilahlwayo kunye neeplastikhi ezisekwe kwipetroleum ngokuhambelana nomthombo wezithako zazo. Ziye zasetyenziswa kwiinkalo ezininzi ezifana etafileni ezilahlwayo, ukupakishwa, ezolimo, iimoto, unyango, amalaphu, njl. Ngoku abenzi bepetrochemical ehlabathini bathumele. Iiplastiki ezinokuboliswa ziintsholongwane zizama ukubamba amathuba emarike kwangaphambili. Ke ukuba abahlobo bethu abakwishishini leplastikhi bafuna ukufumana isabelo kwishishini lezinto ezinokuboliswa ziintsholongwane, kufuneka siqhubeke njani? Ungahlula njani phakathi kweeplastikhi ezinokuthomalalisa i-bio-based kunye ne-petroleum? Zeziphi izithako kunye neetekhnoloji kwifomula yemveliso ezingundoqo, kwaye phantsi kwaziphi iimeko apho izinto ezinokuthotywa zinokubola ukufikelela kumgangatho ...
I-Polypropylene (i-Polypropylene) yinto esetyenziswa ngokubanzi ye-polym, ebizwa ngokuba yi-PP, enezinto ezingcono ze-thermoplastic. Ngenxa yeepropathi zayo ezingenambala, ezingenabumba kwaye ezingenabungozi, ngoku isetyenziswa njengeplastikhi engasetyenziswanga ngokubanzi. I-Polypropylene inentsebenzo egqwesileyo, ukhuseleko kunye nokungabinetyhefu, ixabiso eliphantsi kunye nokufumana izinto eziluhlaza ngokulula, kwaye iimveliso ezilungisiweyo zizinto ezilula nezinobungozi kwindalo. Isetyenziselwe ukupakisha imveliso, izinto zekhemikhali, izinto ezenziwa ngemoto, imibhobho yokwakha kunye nezinye iinkalo.
1. Intshayelelo kwinkqubo yemveliso yeepolypropylene
Ngama-1950, uphando ngetekhnoloji ye-polypropylene synthesis yaqala. Ukusuka kweyona ndlela yesiqhelo yokusombulula inyibilikisi yendabuko (ekwabizwa ngokuba yindlela yodaka) ukuya kwisisombululo esiphakamileyo sendlela yokwenza uphuculo, iye yaphuhla ukuya kwinqanaba lolwelo lwangoku kunye nendlela yegesi yokuthambisa. Ngophuhliso oluqhubekekayo lwenkqubo yokuvelisa, eyona nto iphambili yokusombulula isinyibilikisi Umthetho awusasetyenziswa kwishishini.
Kuyo yonke itekhnoloji yokuvelisa ephambili ye-polypropylene, imveliso yonyaka ka-basell ye-polypropylene idlula i-50% yemveliso iphela, ikakhulu kusetyenziswa inkqubo ye-polymerization yesigabase-Spheripol kabini-loop; Ukongeza, i-Spherizone polypropylene synthesis eyenziwe nguvulindlela ngubasell iphuhlisiwe kwaye yabekwa kwimveliso. Itekhnoloji, inkqubo ye-Borstar polypropylene synthesis ephuculweyo kwaye yenziwa kwimveliso yi-Borealis isetyenziswe ngokubanzi.
1.1 Inkqubo yeSpheripol
Itekhnoloji ye-polypropylene ye-Spheripol ephindwe kabini yelaphu ephuculweyo kwaye yenziwa ukuba isebenze ngu-basell lolona hlobo lwanamava lwenkqubo ye-polypropylene synthesis. Xa kuthelekiswa nenkqubo yemveli yokuvelisa, iimveliso zepolypropylene ezivelisiweyo zinomgangatho ongcono kunye nemveliso enkulu.
Zizonke izizukulwana ezine ze-catalysts ziphuculwe. Okwangoku, i-polypropylene synthesis reactor ene-double-loop isakhiwo, kwaye iintlobo zeemveliso ze-polypropylene ezigqwesileyo zenziwe ngokusekelwe kule nkqubo. Isakhiwo setyhubhu ene-loop ephindwe kabini sinokufumana iimveliso ze-polypropylene ngokusebenza okungcono ngokutshintsha uxinzelelo kwinkqubo yokuhlanganiswa, kunye nokuqonda ukulawulwa kobunzima be-polypropylene macromolecule kunye ne-morphology ye-polypropylene macromolecule; i-catalyst yesizukulwane sesine efunyenwe emva kokuphuculwa okuninzi, Imveliso ye-polypropylene ene-catalyzed inobunyulu obuphezulu, iipropathi ezingcono zoomatshini, kunye nokumelana nokunxiba okuphezulu.
Ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kobume betyhubhu yokuphendula kabini, ukusebenza kwemveliso kunokuba lula ngakumbi; uxinzelelo lokuphendula lwandisiwe, ke umxholo wehydrogen kuyo yonke inkqubo yemveliso uyonyuswa, ophucula iipropathi ezahlukeneyo zeemveliso zepolypropylene ukuya kwinqanaba elithile; ngaxeshanye, ngokusekwe kubume betyhubhu yokubhinca kabini-ring, Iyakwazi ukuvelisa ii-macromolecule ezikumgangatho ophezulu kunye neemveliso ezincinci ze-polypropylene, ukwenzela ukuba uluhlu lokuhambisa ubunzima beemolekyuli zeemveliso zepolypropylene ezinkulu, kunye ne-polypropylene efunyenweyo iimveliso ziyafana ngakumbi.
Olu lwakhiwo lunokukhuthaza ngcono ukuhanjiswa kobushushu phakathi kwezinto zokuphendula. Ukuba zidityaniswe nezixhobo zentsimbi eziphambili, iimveliso zepolypropylene ezinentsebenzo engcono ziya kulungiswa kwixesha elizayo. Isakhiwo se-reactor ephindwe kabini siphucula ukusebenza kwemveliso, senza inkqubo yokuvelisa ibe lula ngakumbi kwaye ibhetyebhetye, kwaye ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba elithile landise imveliso ye-polypropylene.
Inkqubo ye-Spherizone
Ngenxa yokunyuka ngoku kwe-bimodal polypropylene, ubasell uvelise inkqubo entsha yemveliso. Inkqubo yeSpherizone isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa i-bimodal polypropylene. Eyona nto iphambili kwinkqubo yokuvelisa kukuba kwi-reactor efanayo, i-reactor yahlulwe, kwaye iqondo lobushushu lokuphendula, uxinzelelo lokuphendula kunye noxinzelelo lokuphendula kwindawo nganye yokuphendula inokulawulwa ngokukodwa. Uxinzelelo lwe-hydrogen lujikelezwa kwindawo yokuphendula kunye neemeko ezahlukeneyo zemveliso kunye neemeko zemveliso ezilawulwayo ngexesha lokukhula okuqhubekayo kwepolypropylene chain molekyuli xa kusenziwa i-polypropylene. Kwelinye icala, i-bimodal polypropylene enentsebenzo engcono yenziwe. Kwelinye icala, imveliso yeplypropylene efunyenweyo inokufana okungcono.
1.3 Inkqubo yeBorstar
Inkqubo yokuhlanganiswa kweBorstar polypropylene isekwe kwinkqubo ye-polypropylene synthesis yebasell Corporation nguBorealis, esekwe kwisakhelo esiphinda-phindiweyo, kunye nesigabasegesi esinezixhobo zokuhambisa umbane esidityaniswe kuthotho ngaxeshanye, ngaloo ndlela sivelisa i-polypropylene ngokusebenza ngcono . imveliso.
Ngaphambi koku, zonke iinkqubo ze-polypropylene synthesis zilawula iqondo lokuphendula malunga ne-70 ° C ukunqanda ukuveliswa kwamabhamu ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvelisa kwaye zenze iimveliso zepolypropylene zihambelane ngakumbi. Inkqubo yeBorstar eyilwe nguBorealis ivumela ubushushu obuphezulu bokusebenza, obunokudlula nakwixabiso elibalulekileyo lokusebenza kwepropylene. Ukwanda kweqondo lobushushu kukwakhuthaza ukwanda koxinzelelo lokusebenza, kwaye akukho phantse amaqamza kule nkqubo, luhlobo lokusebenza. Yinkqubo ebalaseleyo ye-polypropylene synthesis.
Iimpawu ezikhoyo zenkqubo zishwankathelwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Okokuqala, umsebenzi we-catalyst uphezulu; Okwesibini, isixhobo sombane serhasi sidityaniswe koluhlu kwisiseko se-tube ye-loop ephindwe kabini, enokuthi ngokulula ilawule ubunzima beemolekyuli kunye ne-morphology ye-macromolecule eyenziweyo; Okwesithathu, incopho nganye efunyenwe ngexesha lokuvelisa i-bimodal polypropylene inokufezekisa ukusasazeka kobunzima beemolekyuli, kwaye umgangatho wemveliso yebimodal ungcono; Okwesine, iqondo lobushushu lokusebenza liyonyuka, kwaye iimolekyuli zepolypropylene zithintelwe ukuba zinganyibilikiswa kwi-phenomenon ye-propylene ayizukubangela ukuba iimveliso zepolypropylene zinamathele kudonga lwangaphakathi lwe-reactor.
2. Inkqubela phambili ekusetyenzisweni kwepolypropylene
I-Polypropylene (i-Polypropylene) isetyenzisiwe kumacandelo amaninzi njengokupakisha kwemveliso, ukuveliswa kwezinto eziyimfuneko mihla le, ukuveliswa kweemoto, izinto zokwakha, izixhobo zonyango, njl njl ngenxa yenkqubo yemveliso evuthiweyo, izinto ezingabizi kwaye ekulula ukuzifumana, ekhuselekileyo, engeyiyo Iimveliso ezinetyhefu nezingamkelekanga kokusingqongileyo. Ngenxa yosukelo lwangoku lobomi obuhlaza kunye neemfuno ezingakumbi zokhuselo lokusingqongileyo, i-polypropylene ithathe indawo yezinto ezininzi ngobuhlobo obungendawo bendalo.
2.1 Uphuhliso lweemveliso ezinepolypropylene kwimibhobho
Umbhobho we-copolymer polypropylene omiselweyo, okwaziwa ngokuba yi-PPR, yenye yezona mveliso ze-polypropylene ezifunwayo ngoku. Inempawu ezintle zoomatshini kunye nokuchasana nefuthe elinamandla. Umbhobho olungiselelwe kuwo njengempahla eluhlaza unamandla amakhulu oomatshini, ubunzima bokukhanya, kunye nokunxiba ukumelana. Umhlwa ukumelana kwaye lula ukuba uqhubekeke phambili. Ngenxa yokuba inokumelana nobushushu obuphezulu kunye namanzi ashushu, inobomi benkonzo ende esekwe kuhlolo lomgangatho, umgangatho olungileyo wemveliso kunye nozinzo oluphezulu, kwaye isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kuthutho lwamanzi abandayo kunye ashushu.
Ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okuzinzileyo, ukhuseleko kunye nokuthembeka, kunye nexabiso elifanelekileyo, kudweliswe njengezinto ezinconyelwayo zokufakelwa kombhobho nguMphathiswa Wezokwakha namanye amasebe afanelekileyo. Kuya kufuneka ngokuthe ngcembe ithathe indawo yemibhobho yendabuko ngemibhobho yokhuselo lokusingqongileyo eluhlaza njengePPR. Ngaphantsi kwephiko likarhulumente, ilizwe lam okwangoku lisakhiwa. Ngaphezulu kwe-80% yeendawo zokuhlala zisebenzisa imibhobho eluhlaza yePPR. Ngophuhliso olukhawulezileyo lweshishini lokwakha lelizwe lam, ibango lemibhobho yePPR nalo liyanda. Ngokwezibalo, umyinge wemfuno yonyaka umalunga ne-200kt.
2.2 Ukuphuhliswa kweemveliso zepolypropylene yefilimu
Imveliso yefilimu yenye yezona zinto zifunwa kakhulu kwimveliso yeplypropylene. Ukuveliswa kwefilimu yindlela ebalulekileyo yokusetyenziswa kwe-polypropylene. Ngokwezibalo, malunga neepesenti ezingama-20 zepolypropylene eveliswa minyaka le isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iifilimu. Njengoko ifilimu ye-polypropylene izinzile kwaye inobuhlobo kwindalo, inokusetyenziswa kwimveliso eyahlukeneyo yokupakisha, njengezinto ezahlukeneyo zokwambathisa iimveliso ezichanekileyo, kwaye inokusetyenziswa nakwimimandla emininzi enje ngezinto zokwakha. Ngokukodwa kule minyaka idlulileyo, kuye kwaphuhliswa ngakumbi izinto zefilimu ezinepolypropylene ezinexabiso eliphezulu. Umzekelo, ifilimu ye-propylene-ethylene-1-butene ternary copolymer polypropylene inokusetyenziselwa ubushushu bokutywina ubushushu, obunemfuno enkulu yentengiso.
Xa kuthelekiswa nezinto zendalo zokutywina ubushushu bebhanyabhanya, inokufumana amandla angcono oomatshini kunye nefuthe lokumelana. Zininzi iintlobo zeemveliso zefilimu, kwaye iifilimu ezimeleyo ezifuneka kakhulu zezi: ifilimu ye-BOPP ene-biaxially, ifilimu ye-polypropylene CPP, ifilimu ye-CPP isetyenziselwa ukutya kunye nokupakishwa kwemveliso yamayeza, ifilimu ye-BOPP isetyenziselwa ukupakisha imveliso kunye ukuveliswa kwemveliso yokuncamathela. Ngokwedatha, i-China ngoku ifuna ukungenisa malunga ne-80kt yezinto zefilimu ezinje ngeplypropylene rhoqo ngonyaka.
2.3 Ukuphuhliswa kweemveliso zepolypropylene yezithuthi
Emva kokulungiswa, izinto ze-polypropylene zineempawu zokulungisa ezingcono, amandla oomatshini aphezulu, kwaye inokugcina ukusebenza kakuhle emva kweempembelelo ezininzi. Ihambelana nomgaqo wophuhliso lokhuseleko kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo esingqongileyo. Ke ngoko, isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwicandelo leemoto.
Okwangoku, iimveliso ze-polypropylene zisetyenziswa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ezizenzekelayo ezinje ngedashboard, izinto zangaphakathi kunye neebumpers. Ukulungiswa kweemveliso zepolypropylene ngoku kuyeyona mveliso iphambili yeplastiki yamalungu e-auto. Ngokukodwa, kusekho umsantsa omkhulu kwizinto eziphezulu ze-polypropylene, kwaye amathemba ophuhliso anethemba.
Ngophuculo oluqhubekayo lweemfuno zangoku zaseTshayina kwimveliso yemoto kunye nokwanda kokuqonda kokukhuselwa kwendalo kwicandelo lokuvelisa iimoto, uphuhliso lweshishini leemoto kufuneka lisombulule ingxaki yokurisayikilisha nokusetyenziswa kwakhona kwezinto ezinepolypropylene kwiimoto. Ezona ngxaki ziphambili zeemveliso ezinepolypropylene ezisetyenziswa kwishishini leemoto Ngenxa yokunqongophala konikezelo lweemveliso ezinepolypropylene ephezulu, kufuneka ukuba iimveliso zepolypropylene kufuneka zibe luhlaza, zinobume bendalo, zingenangcoliseko, zinokumelana nobushushu obuphezulu, amandla oomatshini aphezulu kwaye ukumelana nokubola kwemichiza.
Ngo-2020, i-China iza kuphumeza umgangatho "weSizwe VI", kwaye kuphuculwe iimoto ezingasindi. Iimveliso zePolypropylene zibiza iindleko kwaye zilula. Ziya kuba neenzuzo ezingakumbi kwaye ziya kusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumzi mveliso weemoto.
2.4 Ukuphuhliswa kweemveliso zepolypropylene yonyango
Izinto ezenziwe ngepolypropylene zikhuselekile kwaye azinetyhefu, kwaye ineendleko ezisezantsi zemveliso, kwaye inokusetyenziswa kwendalo ngakumbi. Ke ngoko, isetyenziswa ikakhulu ekulungiseleleni iimveliso zonyango ezilahlwayo ezinje ngokupakisha iziyobisi, iisirinji, iibhotile zokumnika, iigloves, kunye neetyhubhu eziselubala kwizixhobo zonyango. Ukutshintshwa kwezinto zeglasi zemveli kufezekisiwe.
Ngokonyuka kweemfuno zoluntu ngokubanzi malunga neemeko zonyango kunye notyalo-mali olwonyukayo lwase China kuphando lwezenzululwazi lwezixhobo zonyango, ukusetyenziswa kweemveliso ezinepolypropylene kwintengiso yezonyango kuyonyuka kakhulu. Ukongeza ekwenziweni kweemveliso zonyango ezinesiphelo esisezantsi, inokusetyenziselwa ukulungisa izixhobo zonyango eziphezulu ezinje ngelaphu elingalukiyo kunye neziqwengana zezintso ezingezizo.
3. Isishwankathelo
I-Polypropylene yinto esetyenziswa ngokubanzi yipolymer enetekhnoloji yemveliso evuthiweyo, ngexabiso eliphantsi kwaye ekulula ukufumaneka kwezinto ezingafunekiyo, iimveliso ezikhuselekileyo, ezingekho yityhefu kunye nokusingqongileyo. Isetyenziselwe ukupakisha imveliso, ukuveliswa kwezinto eziyimfuneko mihla le, imveliso yeemoto, izinto zokwakha, izixhobo zonyango kunye nezinye iinkalo. .
Okwangoku, uninzi lwezixhobo zemveliso ezinepolypropylene, iinkqubo zemveliso, kunye nezinto ezincedisayo zase China zisasebenzisa itekhnoloji yangaphandle. Uphando ngezixhobo zemveliso ezinepolypropylene kunye neenkqubo kufuneka zikhawuleziswe, kwaye kwisiseko sokufunxa amava agqwesileyo, inkqubo yokuvelisa iipolypropylene engcono kufuneka yenziwe. Kwangelo xesha, kuyimfuneko ukonyusa utyalo-mali kuphando lwezenzululwazi, ukuphuhlisa iimveliso ze-polypropylene ngokusebenza ngcono kunye nexabiso elongeziweyo, kunye nokuphucula ukhuphiswano olusisiseko lwase China.
Iqhutywa yimigaqo-nkqubo yokhuselo lokusingqongileyo, ukusetyenziswa kweeplastikhi ezinokuboliswa ziintsholongwane kwitafile esilahlwayo, ukupakisha, ezolimo, iimoto, unyango, amalaphu kunye nezinye iinkalo kungenisa amathuba amatsha ophuhliso lweemarike.
