Polasetiki ke sesebelisoa se nang le polima e phahameng e le karolo ea mantlha. E entsoe ka lehoakhoa la maiketsetso le li-filler, li-plasticizers, li-stabilizers, lubricants, pigments le lisebelisoa tse ling. E boemong ba mokelikeli nakong ea tlhahiso le ts'ebetso ea ho etsa mohlala, E hlahisa sebopeho se tiileng ha ts'ebetso e phethetsoe.

Karolo e ka sehloohong ea polasetiki ke lehoakhoa la maiketsetso. Qalong li-resin li rehelletsoe ka lipids tse patiloeng ke liphoofolo le limela, joalo ka rosin, shellac, jj. Li-resin tsa maiketsetso (ka linako tse ling li bitsoa "li-resin") li bua ka lipolisi tse sa tsoakoang le li-additives tse fapaneng. Resin e na le boima ba polasetiki bo ka bang 40% ho isa ho 100%. Lintho tsa mantlha tsa polasetiki li khethoa haholo ke thepa ea lehoakhoa, empa li-additives le tsona li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa.



Hobaneng polasetiki e lokela ho fetoloa?

Seo ho thoeng ke "phetolo ea polasetiki" se bolela mokhoa oa ho fetola ts'ebetso ea ona ea mantlha le ho ntlafatsa tšobotsi e le ngoe kapa ho feta ka ho eketsa ntho e le 'ngoe kapa tse ling ho lehoakhoa la polasetiki, ka tsela eo ho fihlela sepheo sa ho holisa boholo ba ts'ebeliso. Lisebelisoa tsa polasetiki tse fetotsoeng li bitsoa "li-plastiki tse fetotsoeng".

Ho fihlela hajoale, lipatlisiso le nts'etsopele ea indasteri ea lik'hemik'hale ea polasetiki e hlophisitse likete tsa lisebelisoa tsa polima, tseo ho tsona tse fetang 100 feela li leng boleng ba indasteri. Ho feta 90% ea lisebelisoa tsa lehoakhoa tse sebelisoang haholo lipolasetiking li kenngoe ka har'a li-resin tse hlano ka kakaretso (PE, PP, PVC, PS, ABS) Hajoale, ho thata haholo ho tsoela pele ho kopanya palo e kholo ea lisebelisoa tse ncha tsa polima, tse ha e baballe chelete ebile ha e sebetse.

Ka hona, boithuto bo tebileng ba kamano lipakeng tsa sebopeho sa polima, sebopeho le ts'ebetso, le ho fetoloa ha lipolasetiki tse seng li ntse li le teng motheong ona, ho hlahisa lisebelisoa tse ncha tsa polasetiki, e bile e 'ngoe ea litsela tse sebetsang tsa ho nts'etsapele indasteri ea polasetiki. Indasteri ea polasetiki ea thobalano le eona e fihletse kholo e kholo lilemong tsa morao tjena.

Phetoho ea polasetiki e bolela ho fetola thepa ea thepa ea polasetiki ka tsela e lebelletsoeng ke batho ka mekhoa ea 'mele, ea lik'hemik'hale kapa ka bobeli, kapa ho fokotsa litšenyehelo haholo, kapa ho ntlafatsa thepa e itseng, kapa ho fa li-plastiki mesebetsi e mecha ea thepa. Ts'ebetso ea ho fetoloa e ka etsahala nakong ea ho fetisoa ha lehoakhoa la maiketsetso, ke hore, phetoho ea lik'hemik'hale, joalo ka ho kopanya lipompo, ho hlomathisa, ho kopanya marang-rang, jj. ho tlatsa, ho kopanya, ho matlafatsa, jj.

Ke mekhoa efe ea phetolo polasetiki?

1. Ho tlatsa phetoho (ho tlatsa diminerale)

Ka ho eketsa phofo ea matsoai (manyolo) ho li-plastiki tse tloaelehileng, ho tiya, ho thatafala le ho hanyetsa mocheso ha thepa ea polasetiki ho ka ntlafatsoa. Hona le mefuta e mengata ea li-filler mme thepa ea tsona e rarahane haholo.

Karolo ea li-filler tsa polasetiki: ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea polasetiki, ho ntlafatsa litšobotsi tsa 'mele le tsa lik'hemik'hale, ho eketsa molumo le ho fokotsa litšenyehelo.

Litlhoko tsa li-additives tsa polasetiki:

(1) Lik'hemik'hale ha li sebetse, ha li na matla, 'me ha li sebetsane hampe le lehoakhoa le lisebelisoa tse ling;

(2) Ha e ame ho hanyetsa metsi, ho hanyetsa lik'hemik'hale, ho hanyetsa boemo ba leholimo, ho hanyetsa mocheso, joalo-joalo ka polasetiki;

(3) Ha e fokotsa litšobotsi tse bonahalang tsa polasetiki;

(4) E ka tlatsoa ka bongata bo boholo;

(5) Sekhahla se lekanyelitsoeng se nyane ebile ha se na phello e nyane ho bongata basehlahisoa.

2. Phetoho e ntlafalitsoeng (khalase ea fiber / fiber fiber)

Mehato ea matlafatso: ka ho eketsa lisebelisoa tse nang le likhoele tse kang khalase ea fiber le fiber.

Ntlafatso e le hantle: ho ka haholo ntlafatsa ho tenyetseha, matla, thatafala, le mocheso ho hanyetsa lintho tse bonahalang tse,

Litholoana tse mpe tsa tlhabollo: Empa lisebelisoa tse ngata li tla baka maemo a futsanehileng le bophahamo bo tlase nakong ea khefu.

Molao-motheo oa ntlafatso:

(1) Lisebelisoa tse matlafalitsoeng li na le matla a phahameng le modulus;

(2) Resin e na le likarolo tse ngata tsa 'mele le lik'hemik'hale tse ntle haholo.

(3) Kamora hore lehoakhoa le kopane le thepa e matlafatsang, thepa e matlafatsang e ka ntlafatsa mochini kapa thepa e 'ngoe ea lehoakhoa, mme lehoakhoa le ka bapala karolo ea tlamo le ho fetisetsa mojaro ho thepa e matlafatsang, hore polasetiki e matlafalitsoeng e thepa e babatsehang.

3. Toughening phetolo

Lisebelisoa tse ngata ha li thata ka ho lekana ebile ha li bonolo haholo. Ke phaella ka ho re thepa le toughness molemo kapa ultrafine thepa inorganic, thatafala le tshebetso e tlase mocheso oa thepa ea ka eketseha.

Moemeli oa khatello: Bakeng sa ho fokotsa brittleness ea polasetiki kamora ho thatafala, le ho ntlafatsa matla a eona a matla le bolelele, tlatsetso e ekelitsoe ho lehoakhoa.

Lisebelisoa tse atisang ho sebelisoa tse matlafatsang haholo-holo maleic anhydride grafting compatibilizer:

Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (Eva)

Polyolefin elastomer (POE)

Chlorinated nhua polyethylene (CPE)

Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS)

Styrene-butadiene thermoplastic elastomer (SBS)

EPDM (EPDM)

4. Flame retardant phetolo (halogen ntle lelakabe retardant)

Liindastering tse ngata joalo ka lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki le likoloi, thepa e hlokahala hore e be le boloi ba lelakabe, empa lisebelisoa tse ngata tsa polasetiki tse tala li na le pherekano e tlase ea lelakabe. Ntlafatso ea ts'ebeliso ea malakabe e ka fihlelleha ka ho eketsa litlamorao tsa malakabe.

Flame retardants: tsejoang hape e le retardants lelakabe, retardants mollo kapa retardants mollo, additives tshebetso hore fana ka retardancy lelakabe ho polymers chang; boholo ba tsona ke VA (phosphorus), VIIA (bromine, chlorine) le metsoako ea likarolo tsa ⅢA (antimony, aluminium).

Lik'hemik'hale tsa Molybdenum, metsoako ea lithini, le metsoako ea tšepe e nang le litlamorao tse thibelang mosi le tsona ke tsa sehlopha sa litlamorao tsa malakabe. Li sebelisoa haholo bakeng sa polasetiki e nang le litlhokahalo tse thibelang malakabe ho lieha kapa ho thibela ho chesoa ha polasetiki, haholo lipolasetiki tsa polasetiki. Etsa hore e be telele ho hotetsa, ho itima ka boeona, le ho ba thata ho e hotetsa.

Polasetiki lelakabe retardant sehlopheng: ho tloha HB, V-2, V-1, V-0, 5VB ho 5VA kgato ka kgato.

5. Phetoho ea maemo a leholimo (anti-botsofali, anti-ultraviolet, khanyetso e tlase ea mocheso)

Ka kakaretso e bua ka ho hanyetsa ho batang ha polasetiki maemong a batang haholo. Ka lebaka la mocheso o tlase oa mocheso oa polasetiki, polasetiki e fetoha brittle maemong a batang haholo. Ka hona, lihlahisoa tse ngata tsa polasetiki tse sebelisoang maemong a tlase a mocheso hangata ho hlokahala hore li hanyetsoe ke serame.

Ho hanyetsa maemo a leholimo: e bua ka letoto la liketsahalo tsa botsofali tse joalo ka ho fela, ho fifala ha 'mala, ho petsoha, ho cheka, le ho fokotsa matla lihlahisoa tsa polasetiki ka lebaka la tšusumetso ea maemo a kantle a kang khanya ea letsatsi, liphetoho tsa mocheso, moea le pula. Mahlaseli a kotsi ke ntho ea bohlokoa ho khothaletsa botsofali ba polasetiki.

6. Motsoako o fetotsoeng

Motsoako oa polasetiki ke ts'ebeliso ea ho kopanya 'mele kapa ho hlomathisa lik'hemik'hale le mekhoa ea ho kopanya matla ho hlophisa lisebelisoa tse peli kapa ho feta hore e be sesebelisoa se sebetsang se phahameng, se sebetsang le se khethehileng ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea thepa e le' ngoe kapa ho ba le tsona sepheo sa thepa ea thepa. E ka ntlafatsa kapa ea ntlafatsa tšebetso ea li-plastiki tse seng li ntse li le teng le ho fokotsa litšenyehelo.

Alloys e akaretsang ea polasetiki: joalo ka PVC, PE, PP, li-alloys tsa PS li sebelisoa haholo, 'me theknoloji ea tlhahiso e atlehile ka kakaretso.

Motsoako oa polasetiki oa Boenjineri: e bua ka motsoako oa li-plastiki tsa boenjiniere (lehoakhoa), haholoholo ho kenyelletsa sistimi e kopanyang le PC, PBT, PA, POM (polyoxymethylene), PPO, PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) le li-plastiki tse ling tsa boenjineri e le 'mele o moholo, le lehoakhoa la ABS lisebelisoa tse fetotsoeng.

Sekhahla sa kholo ea ts'ebeliso ea motsoako oa PC / ABS se ka pele ho lebala la polasetiki. Hajoale, lipatlisiso tsa alloying ea PC / ABS e se e le setsi sa lipatlisiso sa lits'epe tse kopantsoeng ka polymer.

7. Zirconium phosphate e fetotsoeng polasetiki

1) Litokisetso tsa polypropylene maq / manyolo a fetotsoeng zirconium phosphate OZrP e entsoeng ka mokhoa o qhibilihisang o kopanyang le ts'ebeliso ea ona ho li-plastiki tsa boenjineri

Taba ea mantlha, octadecyl dimethyl tertiary amine (DMA) e sebetsoa ka α-zirconium phosphate ho fumana li-zirconium phosphate (OZrP), 'me OZrP e qhibilihisoa e kopantsoe le polypropylene (PP) ho hlophisa likarolo tsa PP / OZrP. Ha OZrP e nang le karoloana ea boima ba 3% e eketsoa, matla a matla, matla a matla, le matla a ho feto-fetoha ha karolo ea PP / OZrP e ka eketsoa ka 18. 2%, 62. 5%, le 11. 3% ka ho latellana, bapisoa le bo hloekileng maq tse bonahalang. Botsitso ba mocheso le bona bo ntlafalitsoe haholo. Lebaka ke hore pheletso e le 'ngoe ea DMA e sebelisana le lintho tse sa sebetseng ho theha maqhama a lik'hemik'hale,' me pheletso e 'ngoe ea ketane e telele e ts'oaretsoe ke ketane ea PP ea limolek'hule ho eketsa matla a matla a sehlopha. Matla a ntlafalitsoeng a matla le botsitso ba mocheso li bakoa ke zirconium phosphate e susumellelitsoeng PP ho hlahisa likristale. Taba ea bobeli, tšebelisano lipakeng tsa PP e fetotsoeng le likarolo tsa zirconium phosphate li eketsa sebaka se pakeng tsa likarolo tsa zirconium phosphate le ho hasana ho betere, ho felletseng ka matla a kobehileng a eketsehileng. Mahlale ana a thusa ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea li-plastiki tsa boenjineri.

2) Polyvinyl joala / α-zirconium phosphate nanocomposite le ts'ebeliso ea eona linthong tse sireletsang malakabe

Polyvinyl joala / α-zirconium phosphate nanocomposites e ka sebelisoa haholo bakeng sa ho hlophisa lisebelisoa tsa mollo oa mollo. tsela ke:

Pele, mokhoa oa reflux o sebelisetsoa ho lokisa α-zirconium phosphate.

Ho latela karolelano ea metsi a 100 mL / g, nka phofo e ngata ea α-zirconium phosphate ebe oe hasanya ka metsing a nang le metsi, eketsa tharollo ea ethylamine e nang le metsi a mangata tlasa mocheso oa motlakase, ebe o eketsa diethanolamine e ngata, 'me o phekole ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng ho lokisetsa ZrP -OH tharollo ea metsi.

Iss Hlakola palo e itseng ea joala ba polyvinyl (PVA) ka metsing a 90 ℃ a entsoeng ka metsi ho etsa tharollo ea 5%, eketsa tharollo ea metsi e ngata ea ZrP-OH, o tsoele pele ho hlohlelletsa lihora tse 6-10, o pholile tharollo ebe oe tšela ka hlobo moea o omme mochesong oa kamore, Ho ka theoa filimi e tšesaane e ka bang 0.15 mm.

Ho eketsoa ha ZrP-OH ho fokotsa haholo mocheso oa pele oa ho senyeha ha PVA, 'me ka nako e ts'oanang ho thusa ho khothaletsa karabelo ea kh'abone ea lihlahisoa tsa PVA tse senyehileng. Lebaka ke hobane polyanion e hlahisitsoeng nakong ea ho senyeha ha ZrP-OH e sebetsa joalo ka sebaka sa proton acid ho khothaletsa karabelo ea ho kuta ea sehlopha sa PVA acid ka karabelo ea Norrish II. Karabelo ea carbonization ea lihlahisoa tse senyehileng tsa PVA e ntlafatsa khanyetso ea khase ea lera la khabone, ka tsela eo e ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea mollo oa mollo oa thepa e kopaneng.

3) Polyvinyl joala (PVA) / starch e nang le oxidized / α-zirconium phosphate nanocomposite le karolo ea eona ho ntlafatseng thepa ea mochini

Α-Zirconium phosphate e entsoe ka mokhoa oa sol-gel reflux, o fetotsoeng ka 'mele le n-butylamine,' me OZrP le PVA li kopantsoe ho hlophisa nanocomposite ea PVA / α-ZrP. Ka mokhoa o atlehileng ntlafatsa litšobotsi tsa mochini oa thepa e kopaneng. Ha matrix a PVA a na le 0.8% ka boima ba α-ZrP, matla a tensile le bolelele nakong ea khefutso ea lisebelisoa tse kopaneng li eketseha ka 17. 3% le 26. Ha e bapisoa le PVA e hloekileng, ka ho latellana. 6%. Lebaka ke hore α-ZrP hydroxyl e ka hlahisa tlamo e matla ea haedrojene le starch molek'hule ea hydroxyl, e lebisang ho ntlafatseng thepa ea mochini. Ka nako e ts'oanang, botsitso ba mocheso le bona bo matlafatsoa haholo.

4) Polystyrene / manyolo fetotsoeng zirconium phosphate le likarolo tse ngata tse bonahalang le ho e sebelisa ka thepa e phahameng mocheso sebetsa nanocomposite thepa

α-Zirconium phosphate (α-ZrP) e ts'ehetsoa pele ke methylamine (MA) ho fumana tharollo ea MA-ZrP, ebe tharollo ea p-chloromethyl styrene (DMA-CMS) e kopantsoeng e eketsoa tharolong ea MA-ZrP mme ea hlohlelletsoa Mocheso oa kamore 2 d, sehlahisoa se tlhotliloeng, lintho tse tiileng li hlatsuoa ka metsi a silafalitsoeng hore li se ke tsa fumana chlorine, ebe li omisoa ka vacuum ho 80 ℃ bakeng sa 24 h. Kamora nako, karolo e hlophisitsoeng e hlophisitsoe ka bongata ba polymerization. Nakong ea ho fetisoa ha bongata ka bongata, karolo ea "styrene" e kena lipakeng tsa zirconium phosphate laminates, mme karabelo ea polymerization e ba teng. Botsitso ba mocheso oa sehlahisoa bo ntlafalitsoe haholo, ho tsamaellana le 'mele oa polymer ho betere, mme e ka fihlela litlhoko tsa ts'ebetso e phahameng ea mocheso oa lisebelisoa tsa nanocomposite.