Plastiki chinhu chine yakakwirira polymer sechinhu chikuru chinhu. Iyo inoumbwa neyakagadzirwa resin uye mafillers, plasticizers, stabilizers, lubricants, pigments uye zvimwe zvinowedzera. Iyo iri mune yemvura mamiriro panguva yekugadzira uye kugadzirisa kugadzirisa modelling, Inopa yakasimba chimiro kana kugadzira kwapera.

Chinhu chikuru chepurasitiki is synthetic resin. Resini yakatanga kutumidzwa mazita e lipid akavharirwa nemhuka nezvirimwa, senge rosin, shellac, nezvimwewo. Synthetic resins (dzimwe nguva inongodaidzwa kuti "resini") zvinoreva ma polymers asina kusanganiswa nemishonga yekuwedzera. Iyo resin inosvika 40% kusvika 100% yehuremu hwese hwepurasitiki. Izvo zvakakosha zveplastics zvinonyanya kutemerwa neiyo midziyo yeineti, asi zvinowedzerawo zvinoita basa rakakosha.



Nei plastiki ichishandurwa?

Izvo zvinonzi "plastiki modification" inoreva nzira yekushandura mashandiro ayo epakutanga uye kugadzirisa imwe kana zvimwe zvinhu nekuwedzera imwe kana zvimwe zvimwe zvinhu mupurasitiki, nokudaro zvichizadzisa chinangwa chekuwedzera kukura kwayo kwekushandisa. Zvinhu zvakagadziridzwa zvepurasitiki zvakabatana zvinonzi "mapurasitiki akachinjwa".

Kusvika pari zvino, kutsvagisa nekusimudzira kwemakemikari indasitiri yemakemikari yakagadzira zviuru zvezvinhu zvepolymer, izvo zvinopfuura zana chete zvine kukosha kwemaindasitiri. Zvinopfuura makumi mapfumbamwe kubva muzana zvezvinhu zvakagadzirwa nebutiro zvinowanzo shandiswa mumapurasitiki zvakaiswa mumatunhu mashanu (PE, PP, PVC, PS, ABS) Parizvino, zvinonetsa kuramba uchigadzira huwandu hwakawanda hwezvinhu zvitsva zvepolymer, izvo haisi mari uye haisi yechokwadi.

Naizvozvo, zvakadzama kudzidza kwehukama pakati peyakaumbwa mapolymer, chimiro uye mashandiro, uye kugadziriswa kweanenge aripo mapurasitiki pachikonzero ichi, kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvepurasitiki zvitsva, yave imwe yenzira dzinoshanda dzekuvandudza indasitiri yepurasitiki. Bhizimusi repurasitiki indasitiri rakawanawo kukura kwakanyanya mumakore apfuura.

Kugadziriswa kwepurasitiki kunoreva kushandura zvivakwa zvepurasitiki munzira inotarisirwa nevanhu kubudikidza nemuviri, makemikari kana nzira mbiri, kana kudzikisa zvakanyanya mutengo, kana kugadzirisa zvimwe zvivakwa, kana kupa mapurasitiki Mabasa matsva ezvinhu. Iyo yekushandurwa maitiro inogona kuitika panguva yekushandurwa kweiyo synthetic resin, ndiko kuti, makemikari ekushandurwa, senge copolymerization, kubatanidza, crosslinking, nezvimwewo, zvinogona kuitiswa panguva yekugadziriswa kweyakagadzirwa resin, ndiko kuti, kuchinjwa kwemuviri, senge kuzadza, kubatanidza kusanganisa, kuwedzera, nezvimwe.

Ndedzipi nzira dzepurasitiki nadzurudzo?

1. Kuzadza modification (mineral filling)

Nekuwedzera inorganic mineral (organic) upfu kune zvakajairika mapurasitiki, kuomarara, kuomarara uye kupisa kuramba kwemapurasitiki zvigadzirwa zvinogona kuvandudzwa. Kune akawanda marudzi ezadza uye zvivakwa zvavo zvakaomarara zvakanyanya.

Basa repurasitiki mafirita: kugadzirisa mapurasitiki ekugadzirisa mashandiro, kugadzirisa muviri uye makemikari zvivakwa, kuwedzera vhoriyamu, uye kudzikisa mutengo.

Zvinodikanwa zvepurasitiki zvinowedzera.

(1) Makemikari zvivakwa hazvishande, inert, uye hazviite zvakashata neresini uye zvimwe zvinowedzera;

(2) Haikanganise kuramba kwemvura, kusagadzikana kwemakemikari, kusagadzikana kwemamiriro ekunze, kupisa kupisa, nezvimwe zvepurasitiki.

(3) Haideredze izvo zvinooneka zvepurasitiki;

(4) Inogona kuzadzwa muhuwandu hwakawanda;

(5) Kuwanda kwehukama kudiki uye kune zvishoma zvaunoita pakuwanda kwechigadzirwa.

2. Enhanced nadzurudzo (girazi faibha / kabhoni faibha)

Reinforcement matanho: nekuwedzera michina yemicheka yakaita segirazi fiber uye kabhoni fiber.

Kuvandudza mhedzisiro: inogona zvakanyanya kugadzirisa kuomarara, simba, kuomarara, uye kupisa kupisa kwechinhu,

Mhedzisiro yakaipa yekushandurwa: Asi zvinhu zvakawanda zvinokonzeresa zvakashata pamusoro uye kudzikira kutenderera panguva yekuzorora.

Kuvandudza musimboti:

(1) Zvinhu zvakasimbiswa zvine simba rakakwirira uye modulus;

(2) Resin ine zvakawanda zvakasikwa zvakaisvonaka panyama uye makemikari (ngura kuramba, kuputira, kupisa nemwaranzi, ipapo ipapo kupisa kwakanyanya ablation kuramba, nezvimwewo) uye kugadzirisa zvivakwa;

(3) Mushure mokunge resin yakasanganiswa nezvinhu zvinowedzera, iyo inosimbisa inogona kugadzirisa michina kana zvimwe zvivakwa zveinesein, uye iyo resin inogona kutamba chinzvimbo chekubatanidza uye kuendesa mutoro kune unosimbisa zvinhu, kuti iyo yakasimbiswa plastiki zvakaisvonaka zvivakwa.

3. Kugadzirisa kuchinjika

Zvakawanda zvinhu hazvina kuomarara zvakakwana uye zvakare brittle. Nekuwedzera zvinhu zvine kuomarara kuri nani kana ultrafine inorganic zvinhu, kuomarara uye kushoma-tembiricha kuita kwezvinhu zvacho kunogona kuwedzerwa.

Toughening mumiriri: Kuti udzikise brittleness yepurasitiki mushure mekuomesa, uye nekuvandudza simba rayo uye simba, chiwedzero chakawedzerwa kuresini.

Inowanzo shandiswa yekuomesa vamiririri-kazhinji maleic anhydride kubatanidza compatibilizer:

Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (Eva)

Polyolefin elastomer (POE)

Chlorinated Polyethylene (CPE)

Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS)

Styrene-butadiene thermoplastic elastomer (SBS)

EPDM (EPDM)

4. Flame retardant nadzurudzo (halogen-yemahara murazvo unodzora)

Mune maindasitiri mazhinji akadai semidziyo yemagetsi nemotokari, zvinhu zvinodiwa kuti zvive nemoto unodzora, asi akawanda epurasitiki zvigadzirwa zvine yakaderera murazvo kudzora. Kunatsiridzwa murazvo retardancy kunogona kuwanikwa nekuwedzera murazvo retardants.

Flame retardants: inozivikanwa zvakare seanodzora marimi, anodzora moto kana anodzora moto, zvinoshanda zvinowedzera izvo zvinopa murazvo kudzora kune anopisa mapolymers; mazhinji acho ari VA (phosphorus), VIIA (bromine, chlorine) uye Makemikari eAA (antimony, aluminium) zvinhu.

Molybdenum makomponi, tin macompound, uye esimbi macomputer ane utsi-anodzvinyirira mhedzisiro zvakare ndeweboka remurazvo retardants. Ivo anonyanya anoshandiswa epurasitiki ane murazvo retardant zvinodiwa kunonoka kana kudzivirira kupisa kwepurasitiki, kunyanya mapurasitiki epurasitiki. Ita kuti iwedzere kurebesa, kuzvidzimisa, uye kuoma kuvesa.

Plastic murazvo retardant giredhi: kubva HB, V-2, V-1, V-0, 5VB kusvika 5VA nhanho nhanho.

5. Mamiriro ekunze kushandurwa (anti-kukwegura, anti-ultraviolet, yakaderera-tembiricha kuramba)

Inowanzoreva kutonhora kupokana kwepurasitiki pane yakaderera tembiricha. Nekuda kweiyo yepasi tembiricha yakadzika brittleness yemapurasitiki, mapurasitiki anova anopwanya pakadzika tembiricha. Naizvozvo, akawanda epurasitiki zvigadzirwa zvinoshandiswa munzvimbo dzakadzika tembiricha zvinowanzo fanirwa kuve nehuswa kuramba.

Mamiriro ekunze kusagadzikana: zvinoreva kune akateedzana ezvakachembera zviitiko sekudonha, kushanduka, kutsemuka, chalking, uye kuderedzwa kwesimba kwezvigadzirwa zvepurasitiki nekuda kwesimba remamiriro ekunze akadai sechiedza chezuva, tembiricha inoshanduka, mhepo nemvura. Ultraviolet radiation chinhu chakakosha mukusimudzira kukwegura kwepurasitiki.

6. Yakagadziriswa alloy

Chigadzirwa chepurasitiki ndiko kushandisa kwekusanganisa kwemuviri kana kwemakemikari kubatanidza uye nzira dzekupommermer kugadzira zvinhu zviviri kana kupfuura kuita zvine hunyanzvi, zvinoshanda, uye zvakasarudzika zvinhu zvitsva zvekuvandudza mashandiro echinhu chimwe kana kuva nezvose zviri zviviri Chinangwa chemidziyo yezvinhu. Inogona kuvandudza kana kusimudzira mashandiro emapurasitiki aripo uye kudzikisa mutengo.

General epurasitiki alloys: senge PVC, PE, PP, PS alloys anoshandiswa zvakanyanya, uye yekugadzira tekinoroji yakave kazhinji nyanzvi.

Injiniya yepurasitiki alloy: inoreva musanganiswa weinjiniya mapurasitiki (resin), kunyanya inosanganisira iyo inosanganisa system nePC, PBT, PA, POM (polyoxymethylene), PPO, PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) nemamwe mapurasitiki einjiniya semuviri mukuru, Uye ABS resin zvinhu zvakagadziridzwa.

Iko kukura kwehuwandu hwePC / ABS alloy kushandiswa kuri kumberi kwepurasitiki munda. Parizvino, kutsvagisa kwePC / ABS alloying yave nzvimbo yekutsvagisa yeema polymer alloys.

7. Zirconium phosphate yakagadziridzwa purasitiki

1) Kugadzirira kwe polypropylene PP / organic yakashandurwa zirconium phosphate OZrP inoumbwa nekunyungudika kusanganisa nzira uye mashandisiro ayo muinjiniya mapurasitiki

Kutanga, octadecyl dimethyl tertiary amine (DMA) inoitwa ne α-zirconium phosphate kuti iwane yakagadziriswa zirconium phosphate (OZrP), uyezve OZrP inosanganiswa yakasanganiswa ne polypropylene (PP) kugadzirira PP / OZrP composites. Kana OZrP ine chidimbu chakakura che3% ichiwedzerwa, simba rekusimba, simba rekuchinja, uye simba rinoshanduka rePP / OZrP composite inogona kuwedzerwa ne18. 2%, 62. 5%, uye 11. 3%, zvichiteerana, zvichienzaniswa nezvakachena PP zvinhu. Kugadzikana kwemafuta kwakasimudzirwawo zvakanyanya. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti kumwe kuguma kweDMA kunofambidzana nezvinhu zvisina kujairika kuti vagadzire chisungo chemakemikari, uye mumwe mugumo weketani refu wakasunganidzwa nePP mamorekuru cheni kuti iwedzere kusimba kwesimba remubatanidzwa. Iko kuvandudzwa kwesimba kwesimba uye kupisa kwemafuta kuri kukonzerwa neiyo zirconium phosphate yakakonzera PP kuburitsa β makristasi. Kechipiri, kudyidzana pakati peiyo yakagadziridzwa PP uye zirconium phosphate materu kunowedzera chinhambwe pakati peiyo zirconium phosphate materu uye zvirinani kupararira, zvichikonzera kuwedzera kukotama kwesimba. Iyi tekinoroji inobatsira kuvandudza mashandiro einjiniya mapurasitiki.

2) Polyvinyl doro / α-zirconium phosphate nanocomposite uye mashandisiro ayo mumurazvo unodzora zvinhu

Polyvinyl doro / α-zirconium phosphate nanocomposites inogona kunyanya kushandiswa kugadzirira kwemurazvo unodzora zvinhu. nzira ndeiyi:

Kutanga, iyo reflux nzira inoshandiswa kugadzirira α-zirconium phosphate.

Zvinoenderana neyakaomeswa-yakasimba chiyero che100 mL / g, tora huwandu α-zirconium phosphate upfu uuparadzire mune deionized mvura, wedzera ethylamine aqueous solution inodonha pasi pemagineti inomutsa mukati tembiricha yemukati, wobva wawedzera yakawanda diethanolamine, uye ultrasonically kurapa kugadzirira ZrP -OH mhinduro yemvura.

IssDissolve imwe huwandu hwe polyvinyl doro (PVA) mu 90 ℃ deionized mvura kugadzira 5% mhinduro, wedzera yakawandisa ZrP-OH aqueous solution, ramba uchimutsa kwemaawa matanhatu kusvika gumi, tonhorera mhinduro woidururira muforoma kuti mweya wakaomarara patembiricha yemukati, Firimu rakatetepa rinosvika 0.15 mm rinogona kuumbwa.

Kuwedzeredzwa kweZrP-OH kunoderedza zvakanyanya kupisa kwekutanga kwePVA, uye panguva imwechete kunobatsira kusimudzira kugadzirisa kwekabhoni yezvigadzirwa zvePVA zvakashata. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti iyo polyanion inogadzirwa panguva yekudzikisira kweZrP-OH inoshanda senge proton acid saiti yekusimudzira iko kuveura kwekuita kweboka rePVA acid kuburikidza neNorrish II reaction. Iyo carbonization yekuita kweiyo yakashatiswa zvigadzirwa zvePVA inovandudza iyo oxidation kuramba kweiyo kabhoni dura, nokudaro ichivandudza iwo murazvo unodzora kuita kwechinhu chinoumbwa.

3) Polyvinyl doro (PVA) / yakasanganiswa starch / α-zirconium phosphate nanocomposite uye basa rayo mukuvandudza michina zvivakwa

Α-Zirconium phosphate yakagadziriswa ne-sol-gel reflux nzira, yakagadziriswa n-butylamine, uye OZrP nePVA zvakasanganiswa kugadzirira PVA / α-ZrP nanocomposite. Nekunyatso kugadzirisa michina zvivakwa zvechinhu chakasanganiswa. Kana iyo PVA matrix iine 0.8% nehuremu hwe α-ZrP, iyo tensile simba uye elongation pakatyora kwezvinhu zvinoumbwa zvinowedzerwa ne17. 3% uye 26. Zvichienzaniswa nePVA yakachena, zvichiteerana. 6%. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti α-ZrP hydroxyl inogona kuburitsa yakasimba hydrogen kubatana ne starch molekyuli hydroxyl, iyo inotungamira kune yakagadziriswa michina zvivakwa. Panguva imwecheteyo, kudzikama kwemafuta kunowedzerwawo zvakanyanya.

4) Polystyrene / organic yakagadziridzwa zirconium phosphate inoumbwa nezvinhu uye mashandisiro ayo mune yakakwira tembiricha yekugadzirisa nanocomposite zvinhu

α-Zirconium phosphate (α-ZrP) inotanga kutsigirwa nemethylamine (MA) kuwana MA-ZrP solution, uyezve iyo inogadziriswa p-chloromethyl styrene (DMA-CMS) mhinduro inowedzerwa kune MA-ZrP mhinduro uye yakamutswa tembiricha yemukamuri 2 d, chigadzirwa chinosvinwa, izvo zvakaomeswa zvinoshambidzwa nemvura yakasvibiswa kuti iwane isina chlorine, uye yakaomeswa muvharumu pa80 ℃ kwema 24 h. Chekupedzisira, iyo inosanganiswa inogadzirirwa neyakawandisa polymerization. Munguva yekuwanda kwepolimerization, chikamu cheiyo styrene chinopinda pakati peiyo zirconium phosphate laminates, uye maitiro ekupora anoitika. Iko kupisa kwekushisa kwechigadzirwa kwakanyatso kuvandudzwa, kuenderana nemuviri wepolymer kuri nani, uye inogona kusangana nezvinodiwa zvepamusoro-tembiricha kugadzirisa kweanocomposite zvinhu.