Pulasitiki ndichinthu chokhala ndi polima yayikulu ngati gawo lalikulu. Amapangidwa ndi utomoni wopangira komanso zodzaza, zopangira pulasitiki, zotetezera, zotsekemera, inki ndi zina zowonjezera. Ili m'malo amadzimadzi popanga ndi kukonza kuti zithandizire kutengera, Zimakhala zolimba mukamaliza kukonza.

Gawo lalikulu la pulasitiki ndi utomoni wopanga. Resins amatchulidwa kale ndi lipids yotulutsidwa ndi nyama ndi zomera, monga rosin, shellac, ndi zina zotero. Zipangizo zopangira (zomwe nthawi zina zimangotchedwa "resins") zimatanthauza ma polima omwe sanasakanikirane ndi zowonjezera zina. Utomoni umakhala pafupifupi 40% mpaka 100% ya kulemera konse kwa pulasitiki. Zomwe zimapangidwira pulasitiki zimakhazikitsidwa makamaka ndi utomoni, koma zowonjezera zimathandizanso.



Chifukwa chiyani pulasitiki iyenera kusinthidwa?

Zomwe zimatchedwa "kusinthidwa kwa pulasitiki" zikutanthauza njira yosinthira magwiridwe ake oyambilira ndikusintha gawo limodzi kapena zingapo powonjezera chinthu chimodzi kapena zingapo mu utomoni wapulasitiki, potero kukwaniritsa cholinga chofutukula kukula kwake kwa ntchito. Zipangizo zosinthidwa za pulasitiki zimatchedwa "mapulasitiki osinthidwa".

Mpaka pano, kafukufuku ndi chitukuko chamakampani opanga mapulasitiki apanga zida zopangidwa ndi polima zikwizikwi, zomwe zoposa 100 zokha ndizofunika pamafakitale. Zoposa 90% yazinthu zopangira utomoni zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mapulasitiki zimakhazikika m'matumba asanu (PE, PP, PVC, PS, ABS) Pakadali pano, ndizovuta kwambiri kupitiliza kupanga zida zambiri za polima, zomwe sichitsata ndalama kapena sichinthu chenicheni.

Chifukwa chake, kuphunzira mozama za ubale wapakati polima, kapangidwe kake ndi magwiridwe ake, ndikusinthidwa kwa mapulasitiki omwe alipo kale pamaziko awa, kuti apange zida zatsopano za pulasitiki, yakhala imodzi mwanjira zothandiza zopangira makina apulasitiki. Makampani opanga mapulasitiki ogonana nawonso akwaniritsa chitukuko chachikulu m'zaka zaposachedwa.

Kusintha kwa pulasitiki kumatanthauza kusintha kwa zinthu za pulasitiki m'njira yomwe anthu amayembekezera kudzera munjira, mankhwala kapena njira zonse ziwiri, kapena kuchepetsa kwambiri mtengo, kapena kukonza zinthu zina, kapena kupereka mapulasitiki Ntchito zatsopano za zinthu. Njira zosinthira zimatha kuchitika pakapangidwe ka utomoni wopangira, ndiye kuti, kusinthidwa kwa mankhwala, monga copolymerization, kulumikiza, kulumikiza, ndi zina zambiri, zitha kuchitidwanso pokonza utomoni wopanga, ndiko kuti, kusintha kwa thupi, monga kudzaza, kuphatikiza- kuphatikiza, kupititsa patsogolo, ndi zina zambiri.

Ndi njira ziti zosinthira pulasitiki?

1. Kudzaza kusintha (kudzazidwa ndi mchere)

Powonjezerapo ufa wambiri (organic) ufa ku pulasitiki wamba, kuuma, kuuma ndi kutentha kwa zinthu za pulasitiki kumatha kusinthidwa. Pali mitundu yambiri yazodzaza ndipo malo awo ndi ovuta kwambiri.

Udindo wazodzaza pulasitiki: kukonza magwiridwe antchito apulasitiki, kukonza zinthu zakuthupi ndi zamankhwala, kuwonjezera voliyumu, ndikuchepetsa mtengo.

Zofunikira pazowonjezera pulasitiki:

(1) Zida zamankhwala sizigwira ntchito, zimakhala zopanda kanthu, ndipo sizimachita manyazi ndi utomoni ndi zowonjezera zina;

(2) Sizimakhudza kukana kwamadzi, kukana mankhwala, nyengo, kutentha kwa kutentha, ndi zina zotero za pulasitiki;

(3) Sichepetsa kuchepa kwa pulasitiki;

(4) Itha kudzazidwa zambiri;

(5) Kuchepetsa kwake kumakhala kochepa ndipo kumakhudza pang'ono kuchuluka kwa chinthucho.

2. Kusinthidwa kosinthidwa (galasi CHIKWANGWANI / kaboni fiber)

Njira zolimbikitsira: powonjezera zida zopangira ma fiber monga fiber fiber ndi kaboni fiber.

Kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu: imatha kusintha kuuma, mphamvu, kuuma, komanso kutentha kwa zinthuzo,

Zovuta zakusintha: Koma zida zambiri zimapangitsa kuti kukhale kosavuta komanso kukhathamira pang'ono nthawi yopuma.

Kupititsa patsogolo mfundo:

(1) Zipangizo zolimbikitsidwa zimakhala ndi mphamvu zapamwamba komanso modulus;

(2) utomoni ali ambiri chibadidwe kwambiri thupi ndi mankhwala (dzimbiri kukana, kutchinjiriza, cheza kukana, yomweyo kutentha ablation kukana, etc.) ndi katundu processing;

(3) Utomoni ukaphatikizidwa ndi zinthu zolimbitsa, zowonjezera zimatha kusintha makina kapena zinthu zina za utomoni, ndipo utomoni umatha kugwira ntchito yolumikizana ndikusamutsa katundu kuzinthu zolimbitsa, kuti pulasitiki wolimbikitsidwa akhale zabwino kwambiri.

3. Kusintha kwamphamvu

Zipangizo zambiri sizili zolimba mokwanira komanso ndizopepuka. Powonjezera zipangizo ndi kulimba bwino kapena ultrafine zipangizo zochita kupanga, kulimba ndi ntchito otsika kutentha kwa zipangizo akhoza ziwonjezeke.

Wothandizira: Kuti muchepetse kuuma kwa pulasitiki mukatha kuumitsa, ndikuwongolera mphamvu yake ndi kutambasula kwake, chowonjezera chinawonjezera pa utomoni.

Omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza-makamaka maleic anhydride kulumikiza chosakanikirana:

Ethylene-vinyl nthochi copolymer (EVA)

Polyolefin elastomer (POE)

Mankhwala Polyethylene (CPE)

Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS)

Styrene-butadiene thermoplastic elastomer (SBS)

EPDM (EPDM)

4. lawi wamtundu uliwonse kusinthidwa (halogen-free lawi wamtundu uliwonse)

M'mafakitale ambiri monga zida zamagetsi zamagalimoto ndi magalimoto, zida zimafunika kuti zizikhala ndi lawi lamoto, koma zida zambiri za pulasitiki zimakhala ndi kuchepa kwamoto. Kupititsa patsogolo kuyimitsidwa kwa lawi kumatha kupezeka powonjezera zotsekemera zamoto.

Zoyimitsa moto: zomwe zimadziwikanso kuti zotsekemera zamoto, zotsekemera zamoto kapena zotsekemera moto, zowonjezera zowonjezera zomwe zimapatsa utoto wamoto ma polima oyaka; ambiri a iwo ndi VA (phosphorus), VIIA (bromine, chlorine) ndi Compounds of ⅢA (antimony, aluminium) element.

Mankhwala a Molybdenum, malata, ndi chitsulo chopangira utsi womwe umapondereza nawonso ali mgulu la zotsekemera zamoto. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapulasitiki okhala ndi zotsekemera zamoto kuti achedwetse kapena kupewa kuwotcha mapulasitiki, makamaka mapulasitiki opangira ma polima. Pangani nthawi yayitali kuyatsa, kuzimitsa nokha, komanso zovuta kuyatsa.

Pulasitiki lawi wamtundu uliwonse kalasi: kuchokera HB, V-2, V-1, V-0, 5VB kuti 5VA sitepe ndi sitepe.

5. Kusintha kwanyengo (anti-ukalamba, anti-ultraviolet, kutentha pang'ono)

Nthawi zambiri amatanthauza kulimbana kozizira kwa mapulasitiki pamatenthedwe otsika. Chifukwa chakuchepera kwa kutentha kwa pulasitiki, mapulasitiki amakhala osachedwa kutentha. Chifukwa chake, zinthu zambiri zamapulasitiki zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo otentha nthawi zambiri zimafunikira kuzizira.

Kukaniza nyengo: kumatanthauza zochitika zingapo zakukalamba monga kuzirala, kusungunuka, kulimbana, kutsitsa, komanso kuchepa kwamphamvu kwa zinthu zapulasitiki chifukwa champhamvu zakunja monga kuwala kwa dzuwa, kusintha kwa kutentha, mphepo ndi mvula. Kutentha kwa dzuwa ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri polimbikitsa ukalamba wapulasitiki.

6.Aloyi yosinthidwa

Aloyi wapulasitiki ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kulumikizana kwakuthupi kapena kulumikiza mankhwala ndi njira zophatikizira kupopera mphamvu pokonza zida ziwiri kapena zingapo kuti zizigwira bwino ntchito, zogwira ntchito, komanso zatsopano kuti zikwaniritse bwino chinthu chimodzi kapena zikhale ndi cholinga chazinthu zakuthupi. Itha kukonza kapena kupititsa patsogolo magwiridwe antchito apulasitiki omwe alipo kale ndikuchepetsa ndalama.

General kasakaniza wazitsulo pulasitiki: monga PVC, Pe, PP, PS kasakaniza wazitsulo ankagwiritsa ntchito, ndi luso kupanga wakhala ambiri katswiri.

Alloy pulasitiki waumisiri: amatanthauza kusakanikirana kwa pulasitiki wa zomangamanga (utomoni), makamaka kuphatikiza makina osakanikirana ndi PC, PBT, PA, POM (polyoxymethylene), PPO, PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) ndi mapulasitiki ena amisiri monga thupi lalikulu, ndi utomoni wa ABS zida zosinthidwa.

Kukula kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka aloyi a PC / ABS kuli patsogolo pamunda wamapulasitiki. Pakadali pano, kafukufuku wa PC / ABS alloying wakhala malo ofufuzira ofufuza ma polima.

7. Zirconium phosphate yosinthidwa pulasitiki

1) Kukonzekera kwa polypropylene PP / organic kusinthidwa zirconium mankwala OZrP gulu mwa kusungunuka kusakanikirana njira ndi ntchito zake zomangamanga mapulasitiki

Choyamba, octadecyl dimethyl tertiary amine (DMA) imayankhidwa ndi α-zirconium phosphate kuti ipeze zirconium phosphate (OZrP), kenako OZrP isungunuke wophatikizidwa ndi polypropylene (PP) kukonzekera ma PP / OZrP. Pamene OZrP yokhala ndi gawo laling'ono la 3% imawonjezeredwa, kulimba kwamphamvu, mphamvu yamphamvu, ndi mphamvu zosinthasintha za gulu la PP / OZrP zitha kuwonjezeka ndi 18. 2%, 62. 5%, ndi 11. 3% motsatana, poyerekeza ndi zinthu za PP zoyera. Kukhazikika kwamafuta kumathandizanso kwambiri. Izi ndichifukwa choti malekezero ena a DMA amalumikizana ndi zinthu zosapanga kanthu kuti apange mgwirizano wamankhwala, ndipo kumapeto kwina kwa unyolo wautali kulumikizidwa ndi unyolo wamatumba a PP kuti awonjezere kulimba kwa gululi. Mphamvu zakukhazikika komanso kukhazikika kwamatenthedwe zimachitika chifukwa cha zirconium phosphate yomwe idapangitsa PP kuti ipange makristasi. Kachiwiri, kulumikizana pakati pa PP yosinthidwa ndi zigawo za zirconium phosphate kumawonjezera mtunda pakati pa magawo a zirconium phosphate ndikubalalika kwabwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu zowongolera zikhale zowonjezereka. Njira imeneyi imathandizira kukonza magwiridwe antchito a mapulasitiki amisiri.

2) Polyvinyl mowa / α-zirconium mankwala nanocomposite ndi momwe amagwiritsira ntchito zida zamoto zotetezera

Polyvinyl mowa / α-zirconium phosphate nanocomposites itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pokonza zida zamoto zamoto. njira ndi:

① Choyamba, njira ya reflux imagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonzekera α-zirconium phosphate.

OrdingMalinga ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi olimba a 100 mL / g, tengani kuchuluka kwa α-zirconium phosphate ufa ndikuubalalitsa m'madzi osalala, onjezerani njira yothetsera ethylamine motsitsa maginito oyambitsa kutentha, kenako onjezerani kuchuluka kwa diethanolamine, ndikuthandizira kukonzekera ZrP -OH yankho lamadzi.

IssSungunulani kuchuluka kwa mowa wopangidwa ndi polyvinyl (PVA) mumadzi 90 ℃ opangidwa kuti mupange yankho la 5%, onjezerani yankho la ZrP-OH lamadzimadzi, pitirizani kuyambitsa maola 6-10, kuziziritsani ndikuyiyika mu nkhungu kuti mpweya wouma firiji, Kanema woonda pafupifupi 0.15 mm akhoza kupangidwa.

Kuphatikizidwa kwa ZrP-OH kumachepetsa kwambiri kutentha koyambirira kwa PVA, ndipo nthawi yomweyo kumathandizira kulimbikitsa kuchititsa kwa carbonization kwa zinthu zowononga PVA. Izi ndichifukwa choti polyanion yomwe imapangidwa pakuwonongeka kwa ZrP-OH imakhala ngati tsamba la proton acid lolimbikitsa kumeta ubweya wa gulu la acid la PVA kudzera pakuyankha kwa Norrish II. Kuchita kwa carbonization kwa zinthu zowononga za PVA kumathandizira kukaniza kwa mpweya wosanjikiza wa kaboni, potero kumathandizira magwiridwe anthawi zonse amoto.

3) Polyvinyl mowa (PVA) / wowonjezera wowonjezera / α-zirconium phosphate nanocomposite ndi gawo lake pokonza makina

Α-Zirconium phosphate idapangidwa ndi njira ya sol-gel reflux, yosinthidwa ndi n-butylamine, ndipo OZrP ndi PVA zidaphatikizidwa kuti zikonzekere PVA / α-ZrP nanocomposite. Gwiritsani ntchito bwino makina opangira zinthu. Matrix a PVA akakhala ndi 0.8% mwa kuchuluka kwa α-ZrP, kulimba kwamakokedwe ndi kutalika pakutha kwa zinthu zophatikizika kumawonjezeka ndi 17. 3% ndi 26. Poyerekeza ndi PVA yoyera, motsatana. 6%. Izi ndichifukwa choti α-ZrP hydroxyl imatha kupanga kulumikizana kwamphamvu kwa hydrogen ndi wowuma ma molekyulu hydroxyl, zomwe zimabweretsa makina abwino. Nthawi yomweyo, kukhazikika kwamatenthedwe kumathandizanso kwambiri.

4) Polystyrene / organic modified zirconium phosphate composite material and its application in high kutentha processing nanocomposite materials

α-Zirconium phosphate (α-ZrP) imathandizidwiratu ndi methylamine (MA) kuti ipeze yankho la MA-ZrP, kenako yankho la p-chloromethyl styrene (DMA-CMS) limawonjezeredwa ku yankho la MA-ZrP ndikulimbikitsidwa Kutentha kwa chipinda 2 d, mankhwalawa amakhala osefedwa, zolimba zimatsukidwa ndi madzi osungunuka kuti asazindikire mankhwala enaake, ndikuumitsa patsekeke pa 80 ℃ kwa 24 h. Pomaliza, gulu limakonzedwa ndi ma polima ambiri. Pakuchulukitsa kwamitundu yambiri, gawo lina la styrene limalowa pakati pa zirconium phosphate laminates, ndipo ma polymerization reaction amapezeka. Kukhazikika kwamagetsi kwa mankhwalawa kumayenda bwino kwambiri, kuyanjana ndi thupi la polima kuli bwino, ndipo kumatha kukwaniritsa zofunikira pakukonzekera kutentha kwambiri kwa zinthu za nanocomposite.