Plastic bụ ihe nwere nnukwu polymer dị ka isi ihe mejupụtara. Ihe ndi mejuputara bu ihe eji eme ya na ihe eji acho ihe, ihe ndi na enye ihe ndi ozo, ndi na edozi, ndi mmanu, ihe ndi ozo na ihe ndi ozo. Ọ bụ na a ọmụmụ mmiri n'oge n'ichepụta na nhazi ikwado ịme ngosi uwe, Ọ na-egosi a siri ike udi mgbe nhazi na dechara.

Isi ihe nke plastik bụ resin sịntetik. A na - akpọ resins aha mbụ site na lipids nke anụmanụ na osisi zoro ezo, dị ka rosin, shellac, wdg. Mkpụrụ sịntetik (mgbe ụfọdụ a na - akpọ "resins") na - ezo aka na polymer ndị agwakọtaghị na mgbakwunye dị iche iche. Ihe resin ahụ na-eme ihe dị ka 40% gaa na 100% nke ngụkọta nke plastik ahụ. Ngwongwo ihe eji eme plastik bu ihe kpebisiri ike site na ihe nke resin, ma ihe mgbakwunye na-ekerekwa oke aka.

Gini mere eji gbanwee plastik?

Ihe a akpọrọ “mmegharị plastik” na-ezo aka na usoro nke ịgbanwe arụmọrụ mbụ ya ma melite otu ma ọ bụ karịa akụkụ site na ịtinye otu ma ọ bụ karịa ihe ndị ọzọ na resin plastik ahụ, si otu a na-emezu ebumnuche nke ịgbasa ogo nke ngwa ya. A na-achịkọta ihe plastik ndị a gbanwere agbanwe dị ka "plastik gbanwetụrụ".

Ruo ugbu a, nyocha na mmepe nke ụlọ ọrụ kemịkal plastik emepụtala ọtụtụ puku ihe eji eme polymer, nke naanị ihe karịrị 100 nwere uru ụlọ ọrụ. Ihe karịrị 90% nke ihe resin a na-ejikarị na plastik na-etinye uche na resins ise n'ozuzu (PE, PP, PVC, PS, ABS) Ugbu a, ọ na-esiri ike ịga n'ihu na-etinye ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ihe polymer ọhụrụ, nke abụghị akụnụba ma ọ bụ eme eme.

Ya mere, nyocha miri emi banyere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ngwakọta polymer, usoro na arụmọrụ, na mgbanwe nke plastik dị ugbu a na ntọala a, iji mepụta ihe ọhụụ ọhụrụ kwesịrị ekwesị, abụrụla otu ụzọ dị mma iji mepụta ụlọ ọrụ plastik. Industrylọ ọrụ plastik mmekọahụ enwewokwa ọganihu dị ukwuu n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya.

Mgbanwe mgbanwe plastik na-ezo aka na-agbanwe ihe onwunwe nke ihe plastik na ntụziaka ndị mmadụ na-atụ anya ya site na anụ ahụ, kemịkalụ ma ọ bụ ụzọ abụọ, ma ọ bụ iji belata ọnụ ahịa, ma ọ bụ iji meziwanye ụfọdụ ihe, ma ọ bụ inye plastik Ọrụ ọhụrụ nke ihe. Usoro mgbanwe nwere ike ime n'oge polymerization nke resin sịntetik, ya bụ, mgbanwe kemịkalụ, dị ka copolymerization, grafting, crosslinking, wdg, nwekwara ike duzie n'oge nhazi nke resin sịntetik, ya bụ, mgbanwe anụ ahụ, dịka njuputa, ndi mmadu ,gwakọta, ihe nkwalite, wdg.

Kedu usoro nke mgbanwe plastik?

1. Na-ejuputa mmezi (ịnweta ndochi)

Site na ịgbakwunye inorganic ịnweta (organic) ntụ ntụ na nkịtị plastik, na rigidity, ekweghị ekwe na okpomọkụ na-eguzogide nke plastic ihe nwere ike mma. E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị nke fillers na ha Njirimara bụ nnọọ mgbagwoju.

The ọrụ nke plastic fillers: melite plastic nhazi arụmọrụ, mma anụ ahụ na chemical Njirimara, dịkwuo olu, ma belata-akwụ ụgwọ.

Chọrọ maka ihe mgbakwunye plastik:

(1) Njirimara kemịkal adịghị arụ ọrụ, anaghị arụ ọrụ, ọ naghị emeghasị resin na mgbakwunye ndị ọzọ;

(2) Anaghị emetụta mmiri na-eguzogide, nguzogide kemịkal, nguzogide ihu igwe, iguzogide okpomọkụ, wdg nke plastik;

(3) Anaghị belata ihe anụ ahụ nke rọba;

(4) Enwere ike jupụta n'ọtụtụ;

(5) Njupụta metụtara dị obere ma nwee obere mmetụta na njupụta nke ngwaahịa.

2. enwekwukwa mgbanwe (iko eriri / carbon eriri)

Mkwado ume: site na ịgbakwunye ihe ndị nwere fibrous dị ka eriri iko na eriri carbon.

Mmezi mmetụta: ọ nwere ike budata melite rigidity, ike, ekweghị ekwe, na okpomọkụ na-eguzogide nke ihe,

Mmetụta ọjọọ nke mgbanwe: Ma ọtụtụ ihe ga-eme ka ihu ala dị ala na obere elongation na ezumike.

Mmezi ụkpụrụ:

(1) Ihe ndị e mesiri ike nwere ike dị elu na modulus;

(2) Resin nwere ọtụtụ pụta ụwa magburu onwe anụ ahụ na chemical (corrosion eguzogide, mkpuchi, radieshon na-eguzogide, ozugbo elu okpomọkụ ablation eguzogide, wdg) na nhazi Njirimara;

(3) Mgbe resin na-agwakọta na nwee ume ihe, nwee ume ihe nwere ike melite n'ibu ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ Njirimara nke resin, na resin nwere ike igwu ọrụ nke bonding na-ebufe ibu na nwee ume ihe, nke mere na mesikwuru plastic nwere magburu onwe Njirimara.

3. Mgbanwe siri ike

Ọtụtụ ihe anaghị esi ike ma na-emebi emebi. Site na ịgbakwunye ihe ndị ka mma ma ọ bụ ultrafine inorganic ihe, ike na ala-okpomọkụ arụmọrụ nke ihe nwere ike dịkwuo.

Toughening gị n'ụlọnga: Iji belata brittleness nke plastic mgbe obi tara mmiri, ma melite ya mmetụta ike na elongation, mmako kwukwara na resin.

Ndị ọrụ a na-ejikarị eme ihe ike-ọtụtụ ndị nwoke anhydride grafting compibilizer:

Ezigbo-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA)

Elastomer Polyolefin (POE)

Ngwunye Polyethylene (CPE)

Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS)

Stlasty-butadiene elastomer na-ekpo ọkụ (SBS)

EPDM (EPDM)

4. Ọkụ na-egbu ọkụ (halogen-free retardant)

N’ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ dịka ngwa elektrọnik na ụgbọ ala, achọrọ ihe iji nwee ire ọkụ, mana ọtụtụ ngwa plastik nwere ire ọkụ dị ala. Enwere ike ị nweta ire ọkụ ọkụ site na ịtinye ndị na-ere ọkụ.

Ndị na-enwu ọkụ: nke a makwaara dị ka ndị na-enwu ọkụ, ndị na-ere ọkụ ma ọ bụ ndị na-agbanye ọkụ, ndị na-arụ ọrụ na-enyefe azụ ọkụ na-ere ọkụ na polymer; ọtụtụ n’ime ha bụ VA (site), VIIA (bromine, chlorine) na ogige nke ⅢA (antimony, aluminium).

Ogige Molybdenum, ogige bekee, na ogige igwe nwere anwụrụ ọkụ na-esokwa nsonaazụ anwụrụ ọkụ. A na-ejikarị ha eme ihe maka plastik nwere ire ọkụ na-egbu oge iji gbuo oge ma ọ bụ gbochie ọkụ ọkụ plastik, ọkachasị polymer plastics. Mee ka ọ dị ogologo oge ị na-enwu ọkụ, na-agbanyụ onwe gị, ma sie ike ịgbanye.

Plastic ire ọkụ retardant ọkwa: si HB, V-2, V-1, V-0, 5VB ka 5VA nzọụkwụ site nzọụkwụ.

5. Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-agbanwe (mgbochi ịka nká, mgbochi ultraviolet, nguzogide okpomọkụ dị ala)

Ohaneze na-ezo aka na nguzogide oyi nke plastik na obere okpomọkụ. N'ihi ọdịdị dị ala nke okpomọkụ dị na plastik, plastik na-emebi emebi na obere okpomọkụ. Ya mere, ọtụtụ ngwaahịa plastik eji na gburugburu okpomọkụ dị ala na-achọkarị ịnweta mgbochi oyi.

Nguzogide ihu igwe: na-ezo aka n'usoro ihe omuma nke ịka nká dị ka fading, disloration, cracking, chalking, na mbelata ike nke ngwaahịa plastik n'ihi mmetụta nke ọnọdụ mpụga dịka ìhè anyanwụ, mgbanwe okpomọkụ, ifufe na mmiri ozuzo. Ultraviolet radieshon bụ isi ihe na-akwalite ịka nká plastic.

6. Gbanwetụrụ alloy

Plastic alloy bụ iji ngwakọta anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ grafting chemical na usoro copolymerization iji kwadebe ihe abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa n'ime arụmọrụ dị elu, arụ ọrụ, na ihe ọhụụ pụrụ iche iji meziwanye arụmọrụ nke otu ihe ma ọ bụ nwee ma Ebumnuche nke ihe onwunwe. Ọ nwere ike ịkwalite ma ọ bụ welie arụmọrụ nke plastik dị ugbu a ma belata ọnụahịa.

General plastic alloys: dị ka ịkwanyere, Pee, eyi, PS alloys na ọtụtụ-eji, na mmepụta technology e n'ozuzu mastered.

Engineering plastic alloy: na-ezo aka ngwakọta nke injinịa plastik (resin), tumadi gụnyere usoro nchịkọta na PC, PBT, PA, POM (polyoxymethylene), PPO, PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) na ihe ndị ọzọ na injinịa plastik dị ka isi ahụ, na resin ABS ihe gbanwere.

Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke PC / ABS alloy na-eto eto na-ebute ụzọ n'ọhịa plastik. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, nyocha nke PC / ABS alloying aghọwo ihe nyocha nke polymer alloys.

7. Zirconium phosphate gbanwere plastic

1) Nkwadebe nke polypropylene eyi / organic gbanwetụrụ zirconium phosphate OZrP mejupụtara site gbazee agwakọta usoro na ya na injinịa plastik.

Nke mbụ, octadecyl dimethyl tertiary amine (DMA) na-emeghachi omume na ium-zirconium phosphate iji nweta organised gbanwetụrụ zirconium phosphate (OZrP), mgbe ahụ OZrP gbazee gwakọtara na polypropylene (PP) iji kwadebe PP / OZrP composites. Mgbe agbakwunyere OZrP nke nwere ọnụọgụ nke 3%, ike mgbatị, ike mmetụta, na ike mgbanwe nke PP / OZrP nwere ike ịbawanye site na 18. 2%, 62. 5%, na 11. 3%, n'otu n'otu, jiri ya tụnyere ihe dị ọcha PP. A na-emekwa ka nkwụsi ike ọkụ dịkwuo mma. Nke a bụ n'ihi na otu njedebe nke DMA na-arụkọ ọrụ na ihe ndị na-adịghị edozi ahụ iji mepụta njikọ kemịkal, na njedebe nke ọzọ nke ogologo ogologo na-etinye aka na ngwongwo ngwongwo PP iji mee ka ike nke ngwakọta ahụ dịkwuo elu. Mmetụta mmetụta dị mma na nkwụsi ike ọkụ bụ n'ihi ihe zirconium phosphate na-emetụta PP iji mepụta kristal. Nke abuo, mmekorita nke di na PP nke emeziri emezi na nke zirconium phosphate nke di elu na-eme ka uzo di n'etiti uzo zirconium phosphate na otutu nkesa, na-eme ka o nwekwuo ike ichota. Teknụzụ a na-enyere aka melite arụmọrụ nke plastik injinia.

2) Polyvinyl mmanya / α-zirconium phosphate nanocomposite na itinye ya n'ọrụ na ire ọkụ retardant ihe

Polyvinyl mmanya / α-zirconium phosphate nanocomposites nwere ike tumadi iji maka nkwadebe nke ire ọkụ retardant ihe. ụzọ bụ:

Nke mbụ, a na-eji usoro reflux akwadebe α-zirconium phosphate.

OrdingDị ka mmiri mmiri siri ike nke 100 mL / g, were α-zirconium phosphate dị iche iche wee gbasaa ya na mmiri deionized, gbakwunye ethylamine aqueous solution dropwise n'okpuru magnetik na-akpali akpali na ụlọ okpomọkụ, wee tinye quantitative diethanolamine, na ọgwụgwọ ultrasonically iji kwadebe ZrP -OH aqueous ngwọta.

③ Gbanyụọ ụfọdụ mmanya polyvinyl (PVA) na 90 water deionized mmiri iji mee 5% ngwọta, gbakwunye ihe ngwọta ZrP-OH aquous, gaa n'ihu na-akpali maka awa 6-10, kpoo ihe ngwọta ma wụsa ya n'ime ebu ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na ụlọ okpomọkụ, enwere ike ịmepụta ihe nkiri dị mkpa nke ihe dịka 0.15 mm.

Mgbakwunye nke ZrP-OH na-ebelata mbibi mbibi mbụ nke PVA, ma n'otu oge ahụ na-enyere aka ịkwalite mmeghachi omume carbonization nke ngwaahịa mmebi PVA. Nke a bụ n'ihi na polyanion emepụtara n'oge mmebi nke ZrP-OH na-arụ ọrụ dị ka saịtị proton acid iji kwalite mmeghachi omume mkpachapụ nke otu PVA acid site na mmeghachi omume Norrish II. Mmetụta carbonization nke ngwaahịa na-emebi emebi nke PVA na-emeziwanye nkwụsị nke oxidation nke oyi akwa carbon, si otú ahụ na-eme ka ọrụ ọkụ na-ere ọkụ nke ihe mejupụtara.

3) Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) / oxidized starch / α-zirconium phosphate nanocomposite na ọrụ ya iji melite ihe eji arụ ọrụ

Ejiri usoro sol-gel reflux mepụta Α-Zirconium phosphate, gbanwere ya na n-butylamine, na OZrP na PVA jikọtara iji kwadebe PVA / α-ZrP nanocomposite. Na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na-arụ ọrụ igwe nke ihe mejupụtara. Mgbe PVA matriks nwere 0.8% site na oke nke α-ZrP, ike mgbatị na elongation na nkwụsịtụ nke ihe mejupụtara na-abawanye site na 17 3% na 26. E jiri ya tụnyere PVA dị ọcha, n'otu n'otu. 6%. Nke a bụ n'ihi na α-ZrP hydroxyl nwere ike mepụta njikọta hydrogen siri ike na starch molekụla hydroxyl, nke na-eduga na ngwongwo igwe dị mma. N'otu oge ahụ, a na-emekwa ka nkwụsi ike ọkụ dịkwuowanye mma.

4) Polystyrene / organic gbanwetụrụ zirconium phosphate mejupụtara ihe na itinye ya na nnukwu okpomọkụ nhazi nanocomposite ihe

hy-Zirconium phosphate (α-ZrP) methylamine (MA) na-akwado ya iji nweta ihe ngwọta MA-ZrP, wee tinye ihe ngwọta p-chloromethyl styrene (DMA-CMS) na ngwọta MA-ZrP ma kpalie ya ụlọ okpomọkụ 2 d, a na-ehichapụ ngwaahịa ahụ, a na-asacha ihe ndị siri ike na mmiri dị ọcha iji chọpụta chlorine, ma kpọnwụọ na agụụ na 80 ℃ maka 24 h. N'ikpeazụ, a na-akwadebe ihe mejupụtara site na nnukwu polymerization. N'oge nnukwu polymerization, akụkụ nke styrene na-abanye n'etiti zirconium phosphate laminates, na mmeghachi omume polymerization na-apụta. A na-emeziwanye nkwụsi ike nke ngwaahịa ahụ nke ọma, ndakọrịta na ahụ polymer ka mma, ọ nwere ike izute ihe achọrọ nke nhazi okpomọkụ dị elu nke ihe nanocomposite.