Ukunikezwa kwamandla okuphuthumayo kwemoto kungukuhlinzekwa kwamandla kagesi okuphathekayo okwenzelwe imisebenzi eminingi eyenzelwe abathandi bezimoto nosomabhizinisi abashayelayo nabahambayo. Umsebenzi wawo ukwenza imoto uma ilahlekelwa ugesi noma ingakwazi ukumisa imoto ngezinye izizathu. Ngasikhathi sinye, ipompo yomoya ihlanganiswe namandla kagesi aphuthumayo, ukukhanyisa kwangaphandle neminye imisebenzi, okungenye yemikhiqizo ebalulekile yokuhambela ngaphandle.
Amandla okuqala ezimoto eziphuthumayo: I-Car Jump Starter
Izicelo zempilo: izimoto, omakhalekhukhwini, izincwadi zokubhalela
Izici zomkhiqizo: ukukhanya okujwayelekile okumhlophe okukhanyayo okujwayelekile kwe-LED
Izinzuzo: ukukhishwa kwezinga eliphezulu, ukuvuselelwa kabusha, okuphathekayo
Uhlobo lwebhethri: ibhethri yomthofu-asidi, ibhethri eligoqayo, ibhethri le-lithium ion
Isingeniso esifushane sokunikezwa kwamandla kwezimoto:
Umqondo wokuklanywa kokunikezwa kwamandla okuphuthumayo kwezimoto kulula ukuwusebenzisa, kulula ukuwuthwala, futhi ukwazi ukuphendula ezimweni ezahlukahlukene eziphuthumayo. Njengamanje, kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zokuphehla ugesi okuphuthumayo kwezimoto emakethe, olunye uhlobo lwebhethri lomthofu-asidi kanti olunye uhlobo lwe-lithium polymer.
Uhlobo lwebhethri ye-lead-acid yokuqalisa kokunikezwa kwezimo eziphuthumayo yendabuko ingokwesiko kakhulu.Isebenzisa amabhethri e-acid-lead-free, angamakhulu ngobukhulu nangevolumu, namandla webhethri ahambisanayo namandla okuqala nawo azobe emakhulu ngokuqhathaniswa. Imikhiqizo enjalo ngokuvamile ifakwe iphampu yomoya, futhi inemisebenzi efana nokugcwala ngokweqile, ukulayisha ngokweqile, ukukhokhisa ngokweqile, nokuvikela ukuvikela izinkomba zokuxhuma, okungakhokhisa imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene ye-elekthronikhi, kanti eminye imikhiqizo nayo inemisebenzi efana ne-inverters.
Ukuhlinzekwa kwamandla kagesi okuphuthumayo okuphuthumayo kweLithium polymer ezimotweni kucishe kufane nemfashini.Ungumkhiqizo ovele muva nje.Uyisisindo esincane futhi usayizi ohlangene futhi ungalawulwa ngesandla esisodwa. Lolu hlobo lomkhiqizo ngokuvamile alunampompo yomoya, inomsebenzi wokuvala ngokweqile, futhi inomsebenzi wokukhanyisa onamandla kakhulu, onganikeza amandla emikhiqizo ehlukahlukene kagesi. Ukukhanyisa kwalolu hlobo lomkhiqizo ngokuvamile kunomsebenzi wokukhanyisa noma ukukhanya kwesiginali yesilawuli kude ye-SOS, esebenza kakhulu.
Isicelo sempilo:
1. Izimoto: Kunezinhlobo eziningi zemisinga yokuqalisa imoto yebhethri ye-lead-acid, ibanga elinganiselwa ku-350-1000 amperes, futhi isilinganiso samanje sezimoto zokuqala i-lithium polymer kufanele sibe ngama-300-400 amperes. Ukuhlinzeka ngokulula, ukunikezwa kwamandla okuphuthumayo kwemoto kuhlangene, kuyaphatheka futhi kuqinile.Ingumsizi omuhle wokuqalisa okuphuthumayo kwemoto.Ingahlinzeka ngamandla asizayo ezimotweni eziningi kanye nenani elincane lemikhumbi. isetshenziswe njengamandla kagesi ayi-12V DC ukulungiselela imoto. Kusetshenziswa ezimeni eziphuthumayo.
2. Incwajana: Ukuhlinzekwa kwamandla kagesi okusebenza ngemoto okwehlukahlukane kunomphumela wamandla kagesi ayi-19V, ongahlinzeka ngamandla kagesi azinzile encwajana yokubhalela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi abanye abantu bamabhizinisi bayaphuma.Impilo yebhethri yencwadi yokubhalela inciphisa isimo esithinta Ngokuvamile, amabhethri e-polymeri ayi-12000 mAh kufanele akwazi ukunikeza imizuzu engama-240 yempilo yebhethri yencwadi yokubhalela.
3. Umakhalekhukhwini: Ukunikezwa kwamandla okuqala kwemoto kufakwe namandla ka-5V, asekela impilo yebhethri namandla kagesi kumadivayisi amaningi wokuzijabulisa njengamaselula, i-PAD, i-MP3, njll.
4. Ukwehla kwamandla emali: ifakwe iphampu yomoya nezinhlobo ezintathu zemibhobho yomoya, engakhuphula amathayi ezimoto, ama-valve emali, namabhola ahlukahlukene.
Izinhlobo nezici:
Njengamanje, lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo zemithombo yamandla okuqala okuphuthumayo zisetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni, kepha noma ngabe hlobo luni, zinezidingo eziphakeme zokukhishwa. Isibonelo, okwamanje amabhethri e-lead-acid emabhayisikili kagesi namabhethri e-lithium kumashaja omakhalekhukhwini akwanele ukuqala imoto.
1. Ukuhola i-asidi:
a. Amabhethri wendabuko e-lead-acid wendabuko: Izinzuzo ngamanani aphansi, ukuqina okukhulu, ukuphepha kwezinga eliphezulu; ukungalungi kuningi, ukushaja kaningi nokugcinwa, ukunciphisa i-sulfuric acid kulula ukuvuza noma ukuma, futhi ngeke kusetshenziswe ngaphansi kuka-0 ° C .
b. Ibhethri elihlanganisiwe: Izinzuzo intengo eshibhile, encane futhi ephathekayo, ukuphepha okushisa okuphezulu, izinga lokushisa eliphansi ngaphansi kwe -10 ℃ lingasetshenziswa, ukugcinwa okulula, impilo ende; okubi ukuthi ivolumu nesisindo samabhethri e-lithium makhulu kakhulu, nemisebenzi ingaphansi kwamabhethri e-lithium.
2.I-lithium ion:
a. Ibhethri le-lithium cobalt oxide yebhethri: Izinzuzo zincane, zihle, zisebenza kahle, ziyaphatheka, futhi zinde nesikhathi sokulinda; okubi ukuthi kuzoqhuma ekushiseni okuphezulu, akunakusetshenziswa emazingeni okushisa aphansi, isifunda sokuvikela siyinkimbinkimbi, ayikwazi ukulayishwa ngokweqile, amandla amancane, futhi imikhiqizo esezingeni eliphakeme iyabiza.
b. Ibhethri le-lithium iron phosphate: Izinzuzo zincane futhi ziyaphatheka, zinhle, isikhathi eside sokulinda, impilo ende, ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu kunamabhethri e-polymer, futhi kungasetshenziswa emazingeni okushisa aphansi angaphansi kuka -10 ° C; okubi ukuthi amazinga okushisa aphezulu ngenhla Ama-70 ° C awaphephile kanti nesekethe yokuvikela iyinkimbinkimbi.Umthamo mncane kunowamabhethri enxeba futhi intengo ibiza kakhulu kunamabhethri e-polymer.
3. Capacitors:
Ama-Super capacitors: izinzuzo zincane futhi ziyaphatheka, ukukhishwa okukhulu kwamanje, ukushaja okusheshayo, nempilo ende; ukungalungi akuphephile ekushiseni okuphezulu ngaphezu kwama-70 ℃, isekethe lokuvikela eliyinkimbinkimbi, umthamo omncane, futhi kubiza ngokweqile.
izici zomkhiqizo:
1. Ukutholakala kukagesi ophuthumayo wemoto kungashisa zonke izimoto ezinokukhishwa kwebhethri okungu-12V, kodwa uhla lwemikhiqizo olusebenzayo lwezimoto ezinokuthuthwa okwehlukile luzohluka, futhi lungahlinzeka ngezinsizakalo ezinjengokusiza okuphuthumayo kwensimu;
2. Ukukhanya okumhlophe okukhanyayo okujwayelekile kwe-LED, ukukhanya kwesixwayiso okukhanyayo, nokukhanya kwesiginali ye-SOS, umsizi omuhle wokuhamba;
3. Ukunikezwa kwamandla okuphuthumayo emoto akusekeli nje ukuqala okuphuthumayo kwemoto, kepha futhi kusekela imiphumela ehlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi ukukhishwa kwe-5V (ukuxhasa zonke izinhlobo zemikhiqizo ephathekayo njengamaselula), ukuphuma kwe-12V (imizila esekelayo neminye imikhiqizo), i-19V okukhiphayo (ukusekela imikhiqizo eminingi ephathekayo)), ukwandisa ububanzi bezinhlelo zokusebenza empilweni;
4. Ukutholakala kukagesi ophuthumayo wemoto kunebhetri eyakhelwe ngaphakathi yesondlo-free lead-acid, futhi kukhona nebhethri le-lithium-ion elisebenza kahle kakhulu, elinokuhlukahluka okuningi ongakhetha kukho;
5. Ukunikezwa kwamandla okuqalisa imoto okuphuthumayo kweLithium-ion polymer kunempilo ende yokusebenza, imijikelezo yokushaja nokudonsa ingafinyelela ngaphezu kwezikhathi ezingama-500, futhi ingaqala imoto izikhathi ezingama-20 uma ishajeke ngokuphelele (ibhethri likhonjiswa ku-5 imigoqo) (umbhali usebenzisa lokhu, hhayi yonke imikhiqizo);
6. Amandla okuqalisa okuphuthumayo e-lead-acid aqukethe ipompo yomoya enengcindezi ye-120PSI (imodeli efanekisiwe), engenza lula ukwehla kwamandla emali.
7. Inothi elikhethekile: Izinga lebhethri le-lithium-ion polymer ukuqala kokunikezwa kwamandla okuphuthumayo kufanele libe ngaphezu kwamabha ama-3 ngaphambi kokuba imoto ibaswe, ukuze ingashisi umphathi wezimoto oqala ukuphuthumayo. Khumbula nje ukuyikhokhisa.
Imiyalo:
1. Donsa ibhuleki elenziwa ngesandla, beka bamba ngokungathathi hlangothi, hlola inkinobho yokuqalisa, kufanele ibe sesikhundleni se-OFF.
2. Sicela ubeke i-starter ephuthumayo emhlabathini ozinzile noma kwipulatifomu enganyakazi, kude nenjini namabhande.
3. Xhuma isiqeshana esibomvu esibomvu (+) se- "starter eziphuthumayo" ku-electrode enhle yebhethri engenawo amandla. Futhi qiniseka ukuthi ukuxhumana kuqinile.
4. Xhuma isiqeshana esimnyama sesesekeli (-) se- "starter eziphuthumayo" kupali yemoto, bese uqinisekisa ukuthi uxhumano luqinile.
5. Hlola ukunemba nokuqina koxhumano.
6.Qala imoto (engekho ngaphezu kwemizuzwana emi-5) Uma isiqalo singaphumeleli, sicela ulinde imizuzwana engaphezu kwengu-5.
7. Ngemuva kwempumelelo, susa uqinisa olungakhi esigxotsheni.
8. Susa isiqeshana esibomvu esibomvu se- "emergency starter" (esaziwa kakhulu njenge- "Cross River Dragon") endaweni efanele yebhethri.
9. Sicela ushaje ibhethri ngemuva kokusetshenziswa.
Qala ukushaja kwamandla:
Sicela usebenzise okokusebenza okhethekile okuhlinzekwe ngogesi ukushaja. Ngaphambi kokuyisebenzisa okokuqala, sicela ushaje ucingo amahora ayi-12. Ibhethri le-lithium-ion polymer imvamisa lingashajwa ngokugcwele emahoreni ama-4. Akukude nje uma kuthiwa yinde, iba ngcono. Amabhethri e-acid-lead lead-free adinga izikhathi ezahlukahlukene zokushaja kuya ngomthamo womkhiqizo, kepha isikhathi sokushaja sivame ukudlula leso samabhethri e-lithium polymer.
Izinyathelo zokushaja ze-lithium polymer:
1. Faka ipulagi yesifazane yekhebula yokushaja enikeziwe ku- "starter emergency" yokushaja imbobo yokuxhuma bese uqinisekisa ukuthi iphephile.
2. Xhuma omunye umkhawulo wekhebula lokushaja kumasokhethi amakhulu bese uqinisekisa ukuthi uvikelekile. (220V)
3. Ngalesi sikhathi, inkomba yokushaja izokhanya, okukhombisa ukuthi ukushaja kuyaqhubeka.
4. Ngemuva kokuthi ukushaja kuqediwe, ilambu lesikhombi liyavalwa bese lishiywa ihora eli-1 ukuthola ukuthi ibhethri yebhethri ifinyelela imfuneko, okusho ukuthi ishajwe ngokuphelele.
5. Isikhathi sokushaja akufanele sibe ngaphezu kwamahora angama-24.
Izinyathelo zokushaja ibhethri ye-lead-acid engenawo amandla:
1. Faka ipulagi yesifazane yekhebula yokushaja enikeziwe ku- "starter emergency" yokushaja imbobo yokuxhuma bese uqinisekisa ukuthi iphephile.
2. Xhuma omunye umkhawulo wekhebula lokushaja kumasokhethi amakhulu bese uqinisekisa ukuthi uvikelekile. (220V)
3. Ngalesi sikhathi, inkomba yokushaja izokhanya, okukhombisa ukuthi ukushaja kuyaqhubeka.
4. Ngemuva kokuthi ilambu lenkombaseliphenduke laba luhlaza, kusho ukuthi ukushaja sekuqediwe.
5. Ngokusetshenziswa kokuqala, kunconywa ukuthi ukhokhise isikhathi eside.
phinda usebenzise kabusha:
Ukuze kufinyelelwe esikhathini senkonzo esezingeni eliphakeme yokunikezwa kwamandla kokuqala kwemoto, kunconywa ukuthi ugcine umshini ugcwele ngokugcwele ngaso sonke isikhathi. Uma ugesi ungagcinwa ushajiwe ngokuphelele, impilo yamandla kagesi izofinyezwa. Uma kungenjalo uyasebenza, sicela uqinisekise ukuthi iyakhokhiswa futhi iyakhishwa njalo ezinyangeni ezintathu.
Isisekelo esiyisisekelo:
Ukwakhiwa kwamandla kwezimoto eziningi kufanele kulandele imigomo eyisisekelo lapho kudizayinwa, kepha hhayi bonke abaklami abaziqonda kahle lezi zimiso. Lokhu okulandelayo yimigomo eyisisekelo eyisithupha okudingeka ilandelwe lapho kuklanywa ukwakhiwa kwamandla kagesi.
1. Ibanga lokufaka i-voltage VIN: uhla lwesikhashana lwevolthi yebhethri engu-12V inquma ububanzi bamandla wokufaka we-IC yokuguqulwa kwamandla
Ibanga elijwayelekile lemoto yebhethri yemoto lingu-9V kuye ku-16V. Lapho injini icishiwe, i-voltage esezingeni eliphansi yebhethri yemoto iyi-12V; lapho injini isebenza, i-voltage yebhethri icishe ibe ngu-14.4V. Kodwa-ke, ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukile, i-voltage yesikhashana nayo ingafinyelela ku- ± 100V. Izinga lemboni le-ISO7637-1 lichaza uhla lokuguquguquka kwamandla wamabhethri ezimoto. Ama-waveforms akhonjiswe ku-Figure 1 no-Figure 2 ayingxenye yama-waveforms anikezwe yizinga le-ISO7637. Lesi sibalo sikhombisa izimo ezibucayi abadinga ukuhlangabezana nazo abaguquli bamandla wezimoto ezinamandla aphezulu. Ngokungeziwe ku-ISO7637-1, kukhona amabanga wokusebenza webhethri nezindawo ezichazelwe izinjini zegesi. Iningi lokucaciswa okusha kuhlongozwa ngabakhiqizi abahlukile be-OEM futhi akulandeli imigomo yomkhakha. Kodwa-ke, noma iliphi izinga elisha lidinga ukuthi uhlelo lube nokuvikelwa ngokweqile nokuvikelwa kokungasebenzi.
2. Ukucatshangelwa kokushiswa kokushisa: ukushabalalisa ukushisa kudinga ukwakhiwa ngokuya ngokusebenza okuphansi kakhulu kwesiguquli seDC-DC
Okwezinhlelo ezinokusakazwa komoya okuhle noma kungenakho nokusakazwa komoya, uma izinga lokushisa elincane liphezulu (> 30 ° C) futhi kukhona umthombo wokushisa (> 1W) endaweni ebiyelwe, idivayisi izoshisa ngokushesha (> 85 ° C) . Isibonelo, ama-amplifiers amaningi alalelwayo adinga ukufakwa kusinki wokushisa futhi adinga ukuhlinzeka ngezimo ezinhle zokusakazwa komoya ukuqeda ukushisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, impahla ye-PCB nendawo ethile egqoke ithusi isiza ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokudlulisa ukushisa, ukuze kuzuzwe izimo ezihle kakhulu zokushiswa kokushisa. Uma kusetshenziswa usinki wokushisa, amandla wokushiswa kokushisa kwephedi eveziwe kwiphakeji anqunyelwe ku-2W kuye ku-3W (85 ° C). Njengoba izinga lokushisa elizungezile landa, umthamo wokushiswa kokushisa uzokwehla kakhulu.
Lapho i-voltage yebhethri iguqulwa yaba amandla aphansi (isibonelo: 3.3V) okukhiphayo, umlawuli oqondile uzosebenzisa ama-75% wamandla wokufaka, futhi ukusebenza kahle kuphansi kakhulu. Ukuze unikeze i-1W yamandla wokukhipha, i-3W yamandla izosetshenziswa njengokushisa. Kukhawulelwe ukushisa kwama-ambient ne-case / junction ukumelana nokushisa, amandla wokukhipha aphezulu we-1W azoncishiswa kakhulu. Kwabaguquli abaningi be-voltage DC-DC, lapho okukhipha njengamanje kubanga le-150mA kuya ku-200mA, i-LDO ingahlinzeka ngokusebenza kwezindleko eziphakeme.
Ukuguqula amandla ebhethri abe ngamandla aphansi (ngokwesibonelo: 3.3V), lapho amandla efinyelela ku-3W, kufanele kukhethwe i-switching switch ephezulu, enganikeza amandla okukhipha angaphezu kwe-30W. Lesi yisona sizathu esenza ukuthi abakhiqizi bokuhambisa amandla ezimoto bavame ukukhetha ukushintsha izixazululo zokuhambisa ugesi futhi benqabe ukwakheka kwendabuko okususelwa ku-LDO.
3. I-Quiescent yamanje (IQ) ne-shutdown yamanje (ISD)
Ngokwanda okusheshayo kwenani lamayunithi wokulawula ngogesi (ama-ECU) ezimotweni, inani lamanje elisetshenzisiwe ebhethri lemoto nalo liyanda. Noma injini icishiwe nebhethri selikhathele, amanye amayunithi e-ECU aqhubeka nokusebenza. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi i-static yokusebenza yamanje ye-IQ ingaphakathi kwebanga elilawulwayo, iningi labakhiqizi be-OEM baqala ukukhawulela i-IQ ye-ECU ngayinye. Isibonelo, izidingo ze-EU yilezi: 100μA / ECU. Izindinganiso eziningi zezimoto ze-EU zichaza ukuthi inani elijwayelekile le-ECU IQ lingaphansi kuka-100μA. Amadivayisi ahlala esebenza, njengama-transceivers e-CAN, amawashi wesikhathi sangempela, nokusetshenziswa kwamanje kwe-microcontroller yizinto ezibalulekile ze-ECU IQ, futhi ukwakhiwa kokuphakelwa kwamandla kudinga ukubheka isabelomali esincane se-IQ.
4. Ukulawulwa kwezindleko: Ukuyekethisa kwabakhiqizi be-OEM phakathi kwezindleko nezincazelo kuyinto ebalulekile ethinta umthethosivivinywa wokuphakelwa kwamandla kagesi wezinto
Ngemikhiqizo ekhiqizwa ngobuningi, izindleko ziyinto ebalulekile okufanele icatshangelwe ekwakhiweni. Uhlobo lwe-PCB, amandla okusabalalisa ukushisa, izinketho zephakeji nezinye izingqinamba zokwakhiwa empeleni zikhawulelwa yisabelomali sephrojekthi ethile. Isibonelo, ukusebenzisa ibhodi enezingqimba ezi-4 i-FR4 nebhodi elinoqweqwe olulodwa i-CM3, amandla wokushabalalisa ukushisa we-PCB azohluka kakhulu.
Isabelomali sephrojekthi sizoholela kwesinye futhi isithiyo.Abasebenzisi bangemukela ama-ECU akhokhela izindleko, kepha ngeke bachithe isikhathi nemali ekuguquleni izindlela zokwakhiwa kwamandla kagesi wendabuko. Kwezinye izingxenyekazi zentuthuko ezintsha ezibiza kakhulu, abaklami bamane benza izinguquko ezithile ezilula ekwakhiweni kokuphakelwa kwamandla kwendabuko okunganqunyelwe.
5. Isikhundla / ukwakheka: I-PCB nokwakheka kwengxenye ekwakhiweni kokuphakelwa kwamandla kuzokhawulela ukusebenza kukonke kokuphakelwa kwamandla
Ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo, ukwakheka kwebhodi lesifunda, ukuzwela komsindo, izingqinamba zokuxhuma kwamabhodi amaningi, neminye imikhawulo yokwakheka izokhawulela ukwakhiwa kwamandla kagesi ahlanganisiwe. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla wephoyinti lokulayisha ukukhiqiza wonke amandla adingekayo nakho kuzoholela ezindlekweni eziphezulu, futhi akukuhle ukuhlanganisa izinto eziningi kwi-chip eyodwa. Abaqambi bokuhlinzekwa kwamandla badinga ukulinganisela ukusebenza kohlelo jikelele, izingqinamba zemishini, nezindleko ngokuya ngezidingo ezithile zephrojekthi.
6. Imisebe kagesi
Inkambu kagesi eshintsha isikhathi izokhiqiza imisebe kagesi. Amandla emisebe ancike ebangeni nobukhulu benkambu.Ukuphazanyiswa kwamandla kagesi okudalwe yisekethe eyodwa kuzothinta ngqo esinye isekethe. Isibonelo, ukuphazanyiswa kweziteshi zomsakazo kungadala ukuthi i-airbag ingasebenzi kahle.Ukuze ugweme le miphumela emibi, abakhiqizi be-OEM basungule umkhawulo wemisebe kagesi ophakeme wamayunithi we-ECU.
Ukuze ugcine imisebe ye-electromagnetic radiation (EMI) ngaphakathi kwebanga elilawulwayo, uhlobo, topology, ukukhethwa kwezinto ezisemaphethelweni, ukuhlelwa kwebhodi lesifunda nokuvikelwa kwesiguquli seDC-DC konke kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngemuva kweminyaka eminingi yokuqongelela, abaklami be-IC bakhiqize amasu ahlukahlukene wokunciphisa i-EMI. Ukuvumelanisa iwashi langaphandle, imvamisa yokusebenza ephakeme kune-AM modulation frequency band, eyakhelwe ngaphakathi i-MOSFET, ubuchwepheshe bokushintsha obuthambile, ubuchwepheshe be-spectrum obusakazwayo, njll.